CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 5 Solutions: Natural Vegetation and Communities Dependent on Forests (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति एवं वनों पर आश्रित समुदाय) – 2026-27

CG SCERT (Chhattisgarh Board) Class 9 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Official Edition

Complete 100% textbook-grounded CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 5 Solutions: Natural Vegetation and Communities Dependent on Forests (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति एवं वनों पर आश्रित समुदाय) in Bilingual Format (English & Hindi Medium).


🌐 Select Language / माध्यम चुनें:

Part 1

In-Text Questions & Discussion Prompts

1

पाठ्यांतर्गत प्रश्न एवं चर्चा हेतु बिंदु

Q1

Make a list of things that people collect…


📝 Question:

Make a list of things that people collect from the forest to use in their daily lives. How do they use these things?

💡 Solution:

People collect various items from forests for daily sustenance and economic use

  1. Fuelwood and Timber: Used for cooking, house construction, and making agricultural tools.
  2. Minor Forest Produce (MFP): Tendu leaves (for bidi making), Mahua flowers (for food/beverages), Sal seeds, Amla, Chironji, Harra, Baheda, and medicinal herbs (Shatawari, Musli).
  3. Food Items: Fruits (mango, jamun), roots/tubers (jimikand, colocasia/kochai), amaranth/chunchunia leaves, boda, and wild mushrooms.
  4. Bamboo and Cane: Used for making baskets, mats, fencing, huts, and handicrafts.

Q2

Write your definition of a forest and list…


📝 Question:

Write your definition of a forest and list the key features of a forest

💡 Solution:

Definition:** A forest is a large tract of land where trees, shrubs, grasses, and creepers grow naturally without human interference, sustaining a rich biodiversity of wild animals, birds, insects, and human communities.

  • Key Features:
  1. Covers a vast continuous tract of land extending over several kilometers.
  2. Vegetation grows naturally without human cultivation.
  3. Rich bio-diversity with numerous plant and animal species existing naturally.
  4. Serves as a traditional home to tribal communities who live sustainably.

Q3

Are forests important What will happen if all…


📝 Question:

Are forests important? What will happen if all the forests are cleared to make farms, roads, mines, industries, and homes? Can we live without forests?

💡 Solution:

Importance:** Forests are vital for maintaining ecological balance, controlling rainfall, preventing soil erosion, absorbing carbon dioxide, generating oxygen, and supporting millions of livelihoods.

  • Consequences of Complete Deforestation: Total forest clearance would trigger extreme climate change, severe droughts, destructive flooding, accelerated soil erosion, extinction of wildlife species, loss of tribal livelihoods, and depletion of groundwater.
  • Can we live without forests? No. Human survival is impossible without forests as they regulate oxygen levels, global climate cycles, and water balance.

Q4

Is it right to say that forests abound…


📝 Question:

Is it right to say that forests abound only in remote hilly and rocky regions? Explain

💡 Solution:

Historically no, but in modern times mostly yes. Thousands of years ago, forests covered most of the flat fertile lands of the Earth. However, as human settlements grew, flat fertile plain areas were cleared for agriculture, cities, and industries. Consequently, by the 20th century, forests survived primarily in hilly, rocky, marshy, or remote regions unfit for farming. But forests also exist in plain delta regions (Mangroves) and coastal plains.

Q5

Identify the differences between Evergreen and Deciduous trees


📝 Question:

Identify the differences between Evergreen and Deciduous trees

💡 Solution:

  1. Evergreen Trees: Shed leaves gradually throughout the year so new leaves continuously replace old ones, making the tree appear green all year round (e.g., Mahogony, Gurjan, Bamboo, Pine). They grow in areas with high rainfall (>200 cm) or moist warm climates.
  2. Deciduous Trees: Shed all their broad leaves simultaneously during dry summer months to prevent moisture loss through transpiration (e.g., Teak, Sal, Mahua, Tendu). They grow in regions with seasonal rainfall (75 cm to 200 cm).

Q6

Discuss the key provisions of the Forest Rights…


📝 Question:

Discuss the key provisions of the Forest Rights Act 2006 (FRA 2006). How does it help tribals and forest conservation?

💡 Solution:

Key Provisions:**

  1. Gives individual and community land holding rights to Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers for farming and homesteads.
  2. Grants Nistar rights (use of forest for fuel, fodder, grazing, and house building).
  3. Grants ownership rights over Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and the right to collect and sell it using traditional methods.
  4. Protects community rights over water bodies, fishing, and grazing grounds.
  • Help to Tribals & Conservation: Rectifies historic injustice by granting legal ownership of ancestral lands to tribals, encouraging them to protect forests as traditional custodians rather than being treated as encroachers.

Part 2

End-of-Chapter Exercises (Pages 94 – 95)

2

अध्याय के अंत के अभ्यास प्रश्न (पृष्ठ 94 – 95)

Q1

How many types of forests are there in…


📝 Question:

How many types of forests are there in the administrative classification system?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:

In the administrative/legal classification system, forests are classified into 3 types based on government control and public rights

  1. Reserved Forests: These are strictly managed by the government for environmental protection and timber supply. General public access for cattle grazing or tree felling is completely prohibited. In India, reserved forests account for 54.4% of the total forest area, while in Chhattisgarh, they constitute 43% of state forests.
  2. Protected Forests: These are managed by the government, but local people are granted limited rights to graze cattle, harvest grass for fodder, and collect fuelwood and minor forest produce without damaging trees. In India, protected forests cover 29.2% of total forests, while in Chhattisgarh, they make up 40%.
  3. Unclassed Forests: These are unassigned forest lands not under strict forest department control. Local communities enjoy unrestricted rights to graze livestock and gather wood. Unclassed forests constitute 16.4% of total forests in India and 17% in Chhattisgarh.

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  1. : 54.4% 43%
  2. : , , 29.2% 40%
  3. : 16.4% 17%

Q2

What are the main forest categories in the…


📝 Question:

What are the main forest categories in the classification of forests in India?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:

Based on climate, temperature, annual rainfall, and dominant tree species, the natural vegetation/forests of India are classified into 5 main categories

  1. Tropical Evergreen Forests: Found in hot and high rainfall (>200 cm) regions like Western Ghats, Assam, and Andaman Islands.
  2. Monsoon Deciduous Forests: Covering nearly 70% of India’s forest area with 75 cm to 200 cm annual rainfall; subdivided into Moist Monsoon and Dry Monsoon forests.
  3. Thorn and Scrub Forests: Found in dry arid regions receiving less than 75 cm annual rainfall, such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, and rain-shadow parts of Deccan.
  4. Mangrove / Tidal Forests: Found in coastal delta regions bathed by saline sea tides, featuring species like Sundari and Kewada.
  5. Montane / Mountain Forests: Found in high-altitude cold Himalayan regions, featuring coniferous pine, cedar, deodar, oak, and rhododendron trees.

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Q3

What are the special features of evergreen forests


📝 Question:

What are the special features of evergreen forests?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:

Tropical Evergreen Forests possess the following distinct characteristics

  1. Climatic Requirements: They thrive in warm regions receiving heavy annual rainfall exceeding 200 cm with high humidity throughout the year.
  2. Continuous Green Canopy: Trees do not shed all their leaves simultaneously at any specific time of the year. Old leaves fall off gradually while new leaves emerge continuously, keeping the forest green all year round.
  3. Dense Layered Structure: These forests are extremely dense with multiple canopy layers including tall trees (over 60 meters), lower trees, shrubs, bamboos, canes, creepers, epiphytes, and parasites.
  4. Geographical Distribution in India: Found along the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and higher reaches of Assam and North-Eastern states.
  5. Dominant Species: Bamboo, cane, jamun, gurjan, semal, kadam, haldu, mahogony, and mango.
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Q4

Where do we find deciduous forests and what…


📝 Question:

Where do we find deciduous forests and what are their special features?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:
  • Where Found: Deciduous/Monsoon forests cover nearly 70% of India’s total forest area. They are spread across Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, and Haryana.
  • Special Features:
  1. Seasonal Leaf Shedding: In rainfall-deficient dry summer months, trees shed all their broad leaves for 6 to 8 weeks to stop moisture loss through transpiration and survive drought.
  2. Rainfall Range: Found in areas receiving annual rainfall between 75 cm and 200 cm.
  3. Two Sub-types:
  • Moist Deciduous Forests (100 cm to 200 cm rainfall): Taller dense trees like Sal, Teak, Sheesham, Amla, Neem, and Mahua.
  • Dry Deciduous Forests (70 cm to 100 cm rainfall): Less dense with grass undergrowth, featuring Teak, Tendu, Palash, and Khair.
  1. Economic Importance: Highly valuable for high-quality commercial timber (Teak, Sal) and minor forest produce (Tendu leaves, Mahua).
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  2. : 75 200
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Q5

What are the major tree species found in…


📝 Question:

What are the major tree species found in the forests of Chhattisgarh?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:

Chhattisgarh has 44% of its land under forest cover, belonging predominantly to the Monsoon Deciduous category. The major tree species categorized by forest types are

  1. Sal Forests: Bastar is known as the ‘Island of Sal Forests’. Sal (Shorea robusta) is also abundant in Jashpur, Bilaspur, Kanker, and Gariyaband.
  2. Teak Forests: High-quality teak (Tectona grandis) forests are found in Kawardha (Chilphi Ghati) and Narayanpur (Kursail Ghati), as well as Kanker, Sukma, Dantewada, Dongargarh, and Ambagarh.
  3. Mixed Forests: Found extensively across the Mahanadi basin, Jashpur, Katghora, Kharsia, Mahasamund, and central plains. Dominant trees include Amla, Harra, Baheda, Saja, Beeja, Mahua, Neem, Arjun, Kasai, and Kusum.
  4. Bamboo Groves: Katanga bamboo species abound in Sarguja forest division and Kanker forest circle.
  5. Minor Forest Produce Species: Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Chironji, and Shatawari.

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Q6

What are monsoon forests Explain in detail


📝 Question:

What are monsoon forests? Explain in detail

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:
  • Definition & Scale: Monsoon forests are special tropical deciduous forests that develop in regions influenced by seasonal monsoon rainfall. In India, nearly 70% of all natural forests belong to this category.
  • Climatic Features: They exist in warm tropical climates where annual rainfall ranges between 75 cm and 200 cm, concentrated primarily within 3 to 4 monsoon months.
  • Adaptation Mechanism: During the hot, rainfall-deficient summer months, trees shed their broad leaves completely for several weeks. This shedding reduces transpiration loss from leaf surfaces and conserves internal plant moisture. When monsoon rain arrives, fresh green foliage rapidly sprouts.
  • Sub-Classification:
  1. Moist Monsoon Forests: Annual rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm. Features tall, dense growth with dense undergrowth. Key trees: Sal, Teak, Sheesham, Mango, and Chandan.
  2. Dry Monsoon Forests: Annual rainfall between 70 cm and 100 cm. Less dense with grass growth between trees. Key trees: Teak, Tendu, Palash, Mahua, and Khair.
  • Geographical Distribution: Found across Chhattisgarh, Odisha, MP, UP, Bihar, WB, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, and Haryana.
  • : 70%
  • : 75 200 3-4
  1. : 100 200 : , , ,
  2. : 70 100 : , , ,

Q7

Explain the Indian Forest Policy List the various…


📝 Question:

Explain the Indian Forest Policy. List the various measures for forest conservation

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:
  • Indian National Forest Policy (1988):

The National Forest Policy 1988 marked a paradigm shift in Indian forestry. It recognized that forests cannot be protected solely by bureaucratic policing without involving local communities. It established that

  1. Forest management must create sustainable livelihoods for forest-dwelling communities.
  2. Local tribals have a fundamental right to collect minor forest produce for domestic consumption.
  3. It launched the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, granting communities fuel, fodder, and MFP rights in exchange for protecting forests.
  • Measures for Forest Conservation:
  1. Community Forest Protection: Forming Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) where villagers patrol forests against illegal felling and poaching (e.g., Ghoghare village in Rajnandgaon).
  2. Implementation of FRA 2006: Recognizing traditional tribal land and Nistar rights to transform tribals from perceived encroachers into custodians.
  3. Protection of Sacred Groves: Preserving traditional sacred forests like Mowli Kot in Bastar through indigenous community faith and bans on farming near sacred borders.
  4. Controlled Afforestation: Regulated planting of indigenous species (Sal, Mahua, Amla, Bamboo) on degraded barren lands using village community funds (Badla Kot in Sandh Karmari village).
  5. Ban on Commercial Over-Exploitation: Stopping commercial contractor felling and strictly regulating industrial timber harvest.
  • (1988):

1988

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Q8

What are the main reasons for the degradation…


📝 Question:

What are the main reasons for the degradation of forests in India?

💡 Solution:

  • English Step-by-Step Answer:

Forest cover in India has shrunk to 23% (against the required optimum of 33.3%) due to heavy degradation over the past 150 years. The main reasons are

  1. Industrialization and Urbanization: High industrial demand for timber, paper pulp, bamboo, and raw materials led to reckless commercial tree felling.
  2. Commercial Revenue Pressures: During British rule and post-independence years, state forest departments treated forests primarily as revenue sources, extracting timber far beyond natural replenishment limits.
  3. Population Expansion & Agricultural Encroachment: Rising rural population without non-agricultural livelihoods resulted in clearing forests for farming and excessive livestock grazing.
  4. Developmental Projects: Submersion of thousands of hectares of dense forests under large river dam reservoirs, clearing for railway tracks, power lines, highways, and open-cast mining.
  5. Alienation of Indigenous Communities: British forest laws criminalized tribal communities, disrupting their traditional sustainable Jhum rotation and community resource management systems.

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