Class 10 Geography Chapter 5, Minerals and Energy Resources, explains the modes of occurrence of minerals in igneous/metamorphic veins and lodes, sedimentary beds, residual masses and placer deposits, maps India’s ferrous, non-ferrous and non-metallic mineral belts, and compares conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
What Class 10 Social Science (Geography) Chapter 5 Covers
Mode of Occurrence & Distribution of Minerals in India covers (1) Ferrous minerals: Iron ore (Magnetite up to 70% iron vs Hematite 50–60% iron across Odisha-Jharkhand, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur including Bailadila, Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru including Kudremukh, and Maharashtra-Goa belts) and Manganese (Odisha, MP, Karnataka); (2) Non-Ferrous minerals: Copper (Balaghat in MP, Khetri in Rajasthan, Singhbhum in Jharkhand) and Bauxite (aluminium ore formed by decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium silicates, led by Odisha’s Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput); and (3) Non-Metallic/Rock minerals: Mica (Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt, Nellore, Ajmer) and Limestone.
Energy Resources: Conventional vs Non-Conventional contrasts Conventional sources—Coal (Peat, Lignite at Neyveli, Bituminous and Anthracite in Gondwana Damodar/Godavari/Mahanadi valleys and Tertiary North-East fields), Petroleum (Mumbai High, Ankleshwar, Digboi, Naharkatiya), Natural Gas (HVJ pipeline) and Electricity (Hydro vs Thermal)—with Non-Conventional sources: Nuclear/Atomic energy (Uranium and Thorium in Monazite sands of Kerala), Solar, Wind (Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Jaisalmer), Biogas (Gobar gas plants), Tidal (Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kuchchh, Sundarbans) and Geothermal energy (Parvati valley at Manikaran in HP and Puga Valley in Ladakh).
Exercises in Chapter 5
- Chapter Exercises distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals, conventional and non-conventional sources of energy, explain how minerals are formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and discuss why we need to conserve mineral resources and why solar energy has a bright future in India.
Read Class 10 Social Science (Geography) Chapter 5 Online
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FAQ
How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks versus sedimentary rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints (smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are called lodes), formed when liquid/molten and gaseous minerals are forced upwards through cavities and cool. In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers formed by deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata (or by evaporation in arid regions).
What are the four varieties of coal found in India?
(1) Peat (low carbon, high moisture); (2) Lignite (low-grade brown coal, principal reserves at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu); (3) Bituminous (most popular commercial coal, including metallurgical coal for smelting iron in blast furnaces); and (4) Anthracite (the highest quality hard coal).