Class 10 Geography Chapter 1, Resources and Development, opens Contemporary India II (2026-27) by defining resources, sustainable development and the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (Agenda 21), explaining the three stages of resource planning in India, and mapping India’s six major soil types, soil erosion and soil conservation.
What Class 10 Social Science — Geography (Samkalin Bharat II) Chapter 1 Covers
Development of Resources & Resource Planning in India explains how indiscriminate resource exploitation led to global ecological crises, summarises the Rio Earth Summit (1992), Agenda 21 and Gandhiji’s dictum (‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed’), and outlines the three steps of resource planning in India alongside land use patterns and causes of land degradation (overgrazing in Gujarat/Rajasthan/MP, over-irrigation in Punjab/Haryana, mining in Jharkhand/Chhattisgarh/Odisha).
Soil as a Resource & Classification of Soils maps and compares Alluvial soil (Khadar new alluvial vs Bangar old alluvial with kankar nodules across the northern plains), Black soil (Regur / black cotton soil of the Deccan trap), Red and Yellow soils, Laterite soil (formed by intense leaching under heavy rain, ideal for tea, coffee and cashew nut), Arid soils, and Forest soils.
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation distinguishes gully erosion (bad land / ravines in the Chambal basin) and sheet erosion from wind erosion, and explains contour ploughing, terrace cultivation, strip cropping and shelter belts.
Exercises in Chapter 1
- Chapter Exercises (3 Sections) cover MCQs on lateral soil and black soil states, 30-word questions on alluvial soil in river deltas and contour ploughing in hilly areas, and 120-word questions on land use patterns in India and how technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources.
Read Class 10 Social Science — Geography (Samkalin Bharat II) Chapter 1 Online
More Chapters
- Next: Chapter 2: वन एवं वन्य जीव संसाधन (Forest and Wildlife Resources)
- English medium: Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 PDF in English (Contemporary India II)
- All Social Science — Geography (Samkalin Bharat II) chapters and the other Class 10 books: Class 10 NCERT books 2026-27
- All Class 1 to 12 NCERT Textbooks: NCERT Books PDF (Class 1–12)
- Every book chapter by chapter: NCERT chapter wise PDF
FAQ
What is the difference between Khadar and Bangar alluvial soils?
Bangar is old alluvial soil with a higher concentration of kankar (calcareous) nodules and is less fertile. Khadar is new alluvial soil deposited annually by floodwaters; it has finer particles and is more fertile than Bangar.
What are the three steps of resource planning in India?
(1) Identification and inventory of resources across regions through surveying, mapping and measurement; (2) evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up; and (3) matching resource development plans with overall national development plans.