Class 9 Science Chapter 11, Reproduction: How Life Continues, explains how living beings produce new individuals of their own kind: asexually, where one parent gives near-copies, and sexually, where offspring inherit a mix of two parents’ characteristics. It covers plants, animals and human beings.
What Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Covers
11.1 Asexual Reproduction includes vegetative propagation and why it is useful in agriculture.
11.2 Sexual Reproduction explains how meiosis creates variation, then reproduction in flowering plants, pollination and pollination strategies.
11.3 to 11.5 Animals and Human Beings cover sexual reproduction in animals, its variations, and the human reproductive system, ending with methods of birth control.
From hydra to IVF: bacteria, amoeba, yeast, hydra and sponges reproduce asexually; hydra grows buds, sometimes several at once. Bread mould grows from airborne spores kept warm (25–35 °C) and moist. Hibiscus and coral-tree flowers are pollinated by birds such as the Indian white-eye and sunbirds. P. Maheshwari, the ‘Father of Indian Embryology’, wrote An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms (1950), and India holds a significant place in the history of IVF.
Exercises in Chapter 11
- Revise, Reflect, Refine questions on asexual and sexual reproduction and pollination.
Read Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Online
More Chapters
- Previous: Chapter 10: Sound Waves: Characteristics and Applications
- Next: Chapter 12: Patterns in Life: Diversity and Classification
- Hindi medium: Class 9 Science Chapter 11 PDF in Hindi (Anveshan)
- All Science chapters and the other Class 9 books: Class 9 NCERT books 2026-27
FAQ
Why is vegetative propagation useful in agriculture?
Plants grown from stems, roots or leaves of a parent are identical to it, so farmers keep the desired qualities and get plants faster than from seed.
How does sexual reproduction create variation?
Meiosis shuffles the parents’ genetic material, so each offspring receives a new combination of characteristics.
Who is called the Father of Indian Embryology?
P. Maheshwari, author of An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms (1950).