CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 9 Solutions: The Industrial Revolution and Social Change (1750-1900) (औद्योगिक क्रांति और सामाजिक बदलाव) – 2026-27

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CG SCERT (Chhattisgarh Board) Class 9 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Official Edition

Complete 100% textbook-grounded CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 9 Solutions: The Industrial Revolution and Social Change (1750-1900) (औद्योगिक क्रांति और सामाजिक बदलाव) in Bilingual Format (English & Hindi Medium).

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Section 1

In-Text Questions and Discussion Topics

Question 1

Tell the class about the factories or mills…


📝 Question:

Tell the class about the factories or mills that you know about. /

💡 Solution:

In Chhattisgarh, major industrial plants include the Bhilai Steel Plant (iron and steel production), BALCO in Korba (aluminium processing), cement plants in Baloda Bazar, and numerous rice and kosa textile mills in districts like Dhamtari, Kurud, and Mahasamund. These factories process raw materials into finished goods using heavy machinery and employ local workers.

Question 2

Figure 91 The spinning jenny was a new…


📝 Question:

(Figure 9.1) The spinning jenny was a new invention to spin cotton faster. It had many spindles in a frame that could be worked by a single worker. What power is being used to run the machine? / ?

💡 Solution:

Human physical power (manual hand crank power) was used to operate the initial spinning jenny machine.

Question 3

In the class VII social science textbook you…


📝 Question:

In the class VII social science textbook you learned about a similar production system in Chhattisgarh. Try to recall what that system was and discuss its special features in class. Were these village artisans also linked to an extensive market system? / 7 ?

💡 Solution:

In Chhattisgarh, the traditional system was the domestic handloom and handicraft system (such as Kosa silk weaving and metal craft). Artisans worked at home with family members using traditional hand tools. Merchants provided them with advances or raw materials and collected the finished goods to sell in weekly haats and regional trade centers, linking village artisans to broader regional markets.

Question 4

How did protoindustrialisation help in establishing the factory…


📝 Question:

How did ‘proto-industrialisation’ help in establishing the factory system? / ‘-‘ (Proto-industrialisation) ?

💡 Solution:

Proto-industrialisation created a worldwide trading network, trained a large rural workforce in specialized production, and allowed town merchants to accumulate vast capital. When new power-driven machines were invented, merchants used this accumulated capital and market network to centralize production under one roof, establishing the modern factory system.

Question 5

Why was it necessary to set up factories…


📝 Question:

Why was it necessary to set up factories to use the new machines? / ?

💡 Solution:

The new machines (like the water frame, steam engines, and power looms) were large, heavy, expensive, and required centralized power sources (water wheels or steam). Individual artisans could not afford or accommodate them in small village homes. Centralized factories allowed owners to supervise workers, maintain uniform quality control, and achieve mass production.

Q6

Have you visited any steel mill in your…


📝 Question:

Have you visited any steel mill in your state? How is the production done in the mill? Find out and discuss in class. / ? ?

💡 Solution:

In steel mills like the Bhilai Steel Plant, iron ore, limestone, and coking coal are charged into giant blast furnaces at extreme temperatures to extract molten pig iron. The molten iron is refined in steel melting shops and cast into long billets, rails, plates, and structural steel sections using automated rolling mills.

Question 7

Why is good quality ironsteel required to establish…


📝 Question:

Why is good quality iron/steel required to establish a factory? / / ?

💡 Solution:

Heavy factory machines and engines run continuously at high speed and pressure. Good quality steel is strong, durable, resistant to wear and tear, and does not break easily under heat and stress, making it essential for constructing reliable machines, factory frames, and transport rails.

Question 8

What are the differences between wood charcoal and…


📝 Question:

What are the differences between wood charcoal and coal? / (Wood charcoal) (Coal) ?

💡 Solution:

Wood charcoal is produced by heating wood in low oxygen; it is fragile, burns quickly at lower temperatures, is scarce, and causes deforestation. Coal is a fossil mineral dug from deep underground; it produces intense heat (coke), is abundant, and allows high-temperature blast furnaces to melt iron ore efficiently.

Question 9

What energy is used to power factories today…


📝 Question:

What energy is used to power factories today? How is this energy produced? / ? ?

💡 Solution:

Modern factories primarily use electrical energy, supplemented by natural gas and petroleum fuels. Electricity is generated in thermal power plants (burning coal), hydroelectric power plants (using dam water flow), nuclear power plants, and renewable solar and wind farms.

Question 10

Why is industrialisation not possible with animal power…


📝 Question:

Why is industrialisation not possible with animal power or the energy of flowing water? / ?

💡 Solution:

Animal power is weak, gets fatigued quickly, and cannot operate heavy industrial machinery. Flowing water energy is limited to river sites, seasonal, and inconsistent during dry summers or freezing winters. Large-scale industrialisation requires uninterrupted, continuous, and mobile power everywhere throughout the year.

Question 11

What is the difference between setting up a…


📝 Question:

What is the difference between setting up a factory and laying a railway track? / ?

💡 Solution:

Setting up a factory involves acquiring a single plot of land to construct buildings, install machines, and concentrate manufacturing under one roof. Laying a railway track requires acquiring continuous linear strips of land across hundreds of kilometers, building bridges, tunnels, and stations to create a public transport network.

Q12

If different provinces of a country have different…


📝 Question:

If different provinces of a country have different weights and measures, what problems could it cause for trade? / – – , ?

💡 Solution:

Different weights and measures cause confusion, disputes over quantity conversions, increased calculation time, cheating of customers and traders, and delays in interstate commercial transactions, hampering the growth of a unified national market.

Question 13

If each province has its own currency what…


📝 Question:

If each province has its own currency, what difficulties would traders face? / , ?

💡 Solution:

Multiple currencies require frequent currency exchanges, payment of exchange fees, financial losses from changing exchange rates, and complex accounting, making long-distance trade slow and expensive.

Question 14

Have you come across any example of barter…


📝 Question:

Have you come across any example of barter of goods in your city or village? Tell the class about these examples. / – (Barter) ?

💡 Solution:

Yes, in rural weekly haats, villagers sometimes exchange home-grown vegetables, paddy, or ice pops for old clothes, plasticware, or hair scrap from door-to-door peddlers.

Question 15

How does currency help in expanding trade


📝 Question:

How does currency help in expanding trade? / ?

💡 Solution:

Currency serves as a universally accepted medium of exchange and measure of value. It eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants in barter, allows easy pricing, facilitates savings, and permits consumers to buy any product from any seller instantly.

Question 16

How much of their agricultural produce do farmers…


📝 Question:

How much of their agricultural produce do farmers in your area sell in the market and how much do they retain for household consumption? Discuss in class. / ?

💡 Solution:

Commercial farmers in Chhattisgarh sell around 80% to 90% of their harvested paddy to government societies or mandis, retaining about 10% to 20% for household consumption and seed. Small subsistence farmers retain up to 40% for family consumption and sell the remainder for cash needs.

Question 17

Who reaped the benefits of increased agricultural production…


📝 Question:

Who reaped the benefits of increased agricultural production during the agricultural revolution in Britain? / ?

💡 Solution:

Wealthy landlords and big tenant farmers reaped the benefits because they consolidated large landholdings, introduced modern techniques, and sold commercial crops and wool for high profits. Small peasants and landless shepherds lost their livelihoods.

Question 18

How does a bank provide capital for setting…


📝 Question:

How does a bank provide capital for setting up a factory? Where does it get this money? / ? ?

💡 Solution:

A bank provides capital by issuing long-term commercial loans and credit to entrepreneurs against collateral. It gets this money from savings deposited by the public and businesses, on which it pays interest and lends out at higher interest rates.

Question 19

What kinds of factories were set up in…


📝 Question:

What kinds of factories were set up in Britain that got their raw materials from the colonies? / ?

💡 Solution:

Cotton textile mills in Lancashire and Manchester obtained raw cotton from India and the American colonies. Jute, sugar refining, and rubber processing factories were also established using colonial imports.

Question 20

Wealthy landowners and wealthy merchants which of these…


📝 Question:

Wealthy landowners and wealthy merchants – which of these two would be willing to invest capital in industry? Why? / – ? ?

💡 Solution:

Wealthy merchants were more willing to invest capital in industry because they already understood international trade networks, market demand, and monetary transactions, and were accustomed to taking risks for higher commercial profits.

Question 21

The village peasant and the daily labourer in…


📝 Question:

The village peasant and the daily labourer in the city – which of these two would buy all the goods they need from the market? / – ?

💡 Solution:

The daily labourer in the city buys all goods from the market because he has no land to grow food or keep livestock and depends entirely on cash wages.

Question 22

From what you have read till now which…


📝 Question:

From what you have read till now, which raw materials do you think Britain needed for its industrialisation? How were the raw materials supplied? / , ? ?

💡 Solution:

Britain needed raw cotton, iron ore, coal, wool, lead, copper, and tin. Coal and metals were mined domestically in England, while raw cotton and agricultural materials were imported from colonies like India and America through international sea trade.

Q23

What kind of work do women do in…


📝 Question:

What kind of work do women do in factories today? Is it legal for children aged below 14 years to work? / ? 14 ?

💡 Solution:

Today, women work in diverse factory roles including machine operation, quality control, packaging, electronics assembly, and administration under regulated shift timings. No, it is strictly illegal under child labour prohibition laws for children under 14 years of age to work in any factory or commercial establishment.

Question 24

How many hours do workers work in factories…


📝 Question:

How many hours do workers work in factories every day these days? / ?

💡 Solution:

Under modern labour legislation (such as the Factories Act), the standard working shift for factory workers is limited to 8 hours per day (48 hours per week), with extra wages paid for overtime.

Question 25

Women worked 12 to 16 hours every day…


📝 Question:

Women worked 12 to 16 hours every day during industrial revolution and became financially independent. What impact do you think this had on their status in their families? / 12 16 ?

💡 Solution:

Earning cash wages gave women financial independence and increased their self-respect and decision-making voice in families. However, working 12 to 16 hours in harsh, filthy environments severely damaged their physical health, deprived them of time to care for infants, and led to high infant mortality.

Question 26

Was industrialisation a curse for the workers or…


📝 Question:

Was industrialisation a curse for the workers or a way of escaping from the clutches of feudal landowners? Discuss in class. / ?

💡 Solution:

Industrialisation served both roles. In the initial decades, it was a curse because workers suffered extreme poverty, 14-16 hour shifts, unsafe mill conditions, child exploitation, and disease. However, in the long run, it allowed landless peasants to escape feudal serfdom, move to free cities, form trade unions, achieve voting rights, and improve living standards through labor laws.

Question 27

What were the differences in the role of…


📝 Question:

What were the differences in the role of the state in the industrialisation of Germany and Britain? / ?

💡 Solution:

In Britain, the state followed a free trade/laissez-faire approach, leaving industrial investment and management to private capitalists while maintaining protectionist duties initially. In Germany, the state played an active direct role by constructing railways, founding technical universities, establishing cartels, providing massive state capital, implementing protectionist tariffs, and initiating State Socialism welfare programs.

Question 28

Why do you think the feudal landowners and…


📝 Question:

Why do you think the feudal landowners and the emperor supported and encouraged industrialisation in Germany? / ?

💡 Solution:

German rulers and feudal landlords realized that industrial development and railways were essential to build a powerful unified nation that could compete militarily and economically with Britain and France. Landlords also adopted modern commercial farming to sell grain to expanding urban markets for huge profits.

Question 29

What do you think the weavers did to…


📝 Question:

What do you think the weavers did to earn their livelihood after their textiles stopped selling in the market? / ?

💡 Solution:

Displaced Indian weavers migrated to villages to work as agricultural labourers, took up small-scale farming, migrated to British plantation colonies as indentured labourers, or moved to rising industrial cities like Bombay and Ahmedabad to work as mill hands.

Section 2

End-of-Chapter Exercises

  1. Choose the correct alternative:
  • a) Where did the first industrial revolution occur? / ?

ii) Germany /

iii) Spain /

  • Answer:iv) England

i) Textiles /

iii) Minerals /

iv) Chemicals and Electricity /

  • Answer:iv) Chemicals and Electricity
  1. Question 2: What were the similarities and differences between proto-industrialisation and factory production? / – ?
  • Answer: – Similarities: Both systems produced goods for expanding international markets, involved monetary transactions, catered to mass consumer demand, and created employment beyond local subsistence needs.
  • Differences: In proto-industrialisation, production was decentralized in rural homes using traditional hand tools owned by artisans, managed by town merchants. In factory production, manufacturing was centralized under one urban factory roof using power-driven machines owned by capitalists.
  • Answer: Britain’s capital was invested by wealthy merchants who accumulated fortunes through international trade and colonial commerce, wealthy landowners who profited from the Agricultural Revolution, and commercial financial institutions like the Bank of England.
  • Answer: Because Germany lacked a strong private capitalist class initially, capital was invested directly by the German State (Prussian government), supplemented by large joint-stock commercial banks and industrial alliances called cartels.
  1. Question 5: What is the difference in the role the state played in the industrialisation of England, Germany and India? / , ?
  • Answer: – England: The British government followed a free trade (laissez-faire) policy, avoiding direct investment in factories and letting private capitalists drive industrial expansion while maintaining protective tariffs in early years.
  • Germany: The German state played an active, interventionist role by directly building railways, funding technical universities, forming trade cartels, and implementing welfare schemes (State Socialism).
  • India: Under British colonial rule, the state actively suppressed Indian industries to benefit British manufacturers, refusing protective tariffs to local mills and refusing to purchase Indian goods until World War I.
  • Answer: The invention of coke-smelting by Abraham Darby produced strong, durable iron and steel. This cheap, high-quality steel was essential to construct heavy factory machinery, steam engines, steamships, tools, and durable railway tracks. It transformed industrialization from light cotton textiles into heavy industrial engineering.
  1. Question 7: What impact did industrial development have on society? / ?
  • Answer: 1. Class Division: Divided society into two distinct classes: wealthy industrial capitalists and propertyless wage-earning workers.
  1. Urbanization: Caused mass rural-to-urban migration, creating overcrowded industrial cities with filthy slums, poor sanitation, and epidemics.
  2. Social Transformation: Altered family structures as women and children entered factory work under severe conditions, sparking organized labour movements, trade unions, and demands for voting rights.
  • Answer: – Obstacles: Germany was fragmented into over 300 small states with separate currencies, internal trade tariffs, serfdom, lack of private capital, and strong competition from Britain’s established monopoly.
  • Overcoming Steps: Prussia established the Zollverein economic union (1834) to abolish internal tariffs, unified Germany politically in 1871, abolished serfdom, invested state capital into heavy industries (chemicals, electricity, heavy machinery), and created industrial cartels and technical institutes.
  • Answer: – Colonial Contribution: Colonies provided cheap raw materials (raw cotton, jute, rubber) to ruling nations and served as captive guaranteed markets to dump factory-manufactured goods.
  • Obstacles in Colonies: Colonial rulers deliberately de-industrialized traditional crafts, refused to levy protective tariffs on imported foreign goods, provided no state capital for local factories, and restricted technical education.
  • Answer: – Effect on Capitalists: Capitalists suffer heavy financial losses, their capital gets locked in unsold inventory, and they are forced to shut down production or go bankrupt.
  • Effect on Workers: Capitalists cut costs by laying off workers, resulting in immediate unemployment, loss of cash wages, poverty, and food riots.
  • Answer: – Impact on Workers: Technological changes reduce manual labour requirements, displacing skilled workers and causing unemployment or wage cuts (e.g., the introduction of spinning jennies displaced hand spinners).
  • Impact on Consumers: Consumers benefit from new technology products because mass factory production makes high-quality goods cheap, widely available, and durable (e.g., affordable mill-made cotton clothes or electricity).
  • Answer: Britain imposed high import tariffs on Indian textiles entering Britain while flooding the Indian market with cheap, machine-made Manchester cotton goods. Consequently, Indian weavers lost both their foreign export market and local domestic market. They could not obtain raw cotton due to heavy exports to England, leading to the collapse of the Indian handloom industry and mass poverty.
  • Answer: The first Indian industrialists were Parsi and Marwari merchants like Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, Seth Hukumchand, and G.D. Birla. They accumulated investment capital through lucrative international trade (exporting Indian raw cotton and opium to China and Britain) and inland trade/moneylending.
  • Answer: Indian industrialists faced hostile colonial policies, including the lack of protective import tariffs against British goods, excise duties on local cloth, refusal of the British government to purchase Indian products, difficulty obtaining loans from British banks, and control of hiring by powerful jobbers.
  • Answer: – Similarities: All three regions enacted factory laws to restrict child labour, limit daily working hours for women and children, and set safety guidelines.
  • Differences: Germany went furthest by introducing state welfare schemes (old-age pensions, health/accident insurance, free primary education under State Socialism). Britain enacted Factory Acts reducing working hours to 10-12 hours after intense labor protests. In India, laws were passed late under colonial rule (fixing child work to 7 hours and men’s work to 12 hours in 1911) primarily to appease British industrialists who feared Indian mill competition.
Section 3

Project Work

  • English Guidance: Students should organize a script featuring three main roles: a capitalist owner introducing a new machine to cut costs, a displaced worker protesting loss of employment, and a consumer enjoying cheaper goods, demonstrating the social conflict of the Industrial Revolution.
  • English Summary: Key laws in Chhattisgarh include the Factories Act 1948 (8-hour work shift, safety standards), Minimum Wages Act, Workmen’s Compensation Act, and Maternity Benefit Act, guaranteeing safe conditions, fair wages, and social security.
  • English Essay Outline:
  • 17th Century: Human muscle, animal draft power, and simple water wheels.
  • 18th-19th Century: James Watt’s steam engine powered by coal combustion.
  • 20th Century: Internal combustion engines (petroleum) and grid electricity (thermal, hydro).
  • Present Day: Transition toward renewable solar, wind, and green hydrogen power.

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