CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 6 Solutions: The Dawn of Modern Culture in Europe and India (1300-1800 CE) (यूरोप और भारत में आधुनिक संस्कृति का उदय) – 2026-27

Britain (England / United Kingdom).

France.

Greece.

Italy (or Spain).

Germany.

Russia.

Traveling by land westward from India to Paris, one would cross Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Austria, Germany (or Switzerland), and France.

Departure from Arabian Sea (Indian coast) → Arabian Gulf / Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Strait of Gibraltar → Atlantic Ocean → English Channel → England. (Or historically around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa).

Iran is located to the west of Pakistan and Afghanistan, connecting South Asia with Western Asia.

Iraq is situated directly west of Iran in the Tigris-Euphrates basin (Mesopotamia), contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.

The Arabian Peninsula lies in Southwest Asia, bounded by the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea.

1. Industrial Production and Technology: Production shifted from manual tools to large-scale machine-based factory production.
2. Democratic and Constitutional Governance: Rule of law, individual rights, and equal treatment before the law replaced absolute monarchs.
3. Rationalism and Scientific Temper: Faith in reason, empirical observation, and scientific enquiry replaced uncritical belief in religious dogmas.
4. Social Equality: Reduced importance of birth-based caste or feudal hierarchies.

1. Expansion of global land and maritime trade connecting Asia, North Africa, and Europe.
2. Rapid urbanisation and the rise of autonomous merchant-dominated cities in Europe and prosperous trade hubs in Asia.
3. Establishment of powerful centralized monarchies (Mughals in India, Safavids in Iran, Ottomans in Turkey).
4. Emergence of an educated urban middle class (merchants, lawyers, accountants, scholars).
5. Cultural movements such as the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment in Europe, and the Bhakti and Sufi movements in India.

Goods:** Spices, silk, cotton textiles, precious stones, dyes (indigo), porcelain, paper, metalware, and glassware.

• Ideas and Knowledge: Translation of ancient Greek and Indian mathematical and scientific treatises into Arabic, Persian, Latin, and regional European languages; exchange of Chinese technologies like gunpowder, paper printing, and magnetic compass.

Agreement:** Yes, modern governments possess far greater reach and authority.

• Reasons:

1. Modern states maintain sophisticated surveillance, computerized records, national identification databases, and communications that cover every citizen.
2. Modern governments directly control law enforcement, military forces, taxation systems, public education, and legal frameworks across every square kilometer without relying on regional feudal intermediaries or local chieftains.

Church’s View:** The Church opposed and discouraged the study of ancient Greek and Latin classics during the Middle Ages.

• Reasons: The Church believed that these classics were written before the birth of Christ and were not in harmony with Christian scriptures. Furthermore, the Church taught that humans should focus on heavenly salvation and penance rather than seeking worldly knowledge and worldly prosperity.

हिंदी माध्यम प्रश्न: प्राचीन ग्रीक क्लासिक्स में शामिल विषय क्या थे? एक सूची बनाइए।

• Answer / उत्तर:
• English:

1. राजनीति
2. नीतिशास्त्र
3. दर्शनशास्त्र
4. कानून और नागरिकता
5. प्रकृति और भौतिक दुनिया
6. गणित और खगोल विज्ञान
7. मानवीय भावनाएँ और सांसारिक जीवन

• हिंदी:

1. राजनीति
2. नीतिशास्त्र
3. दर्शनशास्त्र
4. कानून एवं नागरिक शास्त्र
5. प्रकृति एवं भौतिक संसार
6. गणित एवं खगोलशास्त्र
7. मानव जीवन एवं व्यावहारिक आचरण

1. Book-keeping and Accountancy (Munims / Accountants).
2. Administration, Record Keeping, and Secretarial Work (Munshis / Clerks).
3. Legal practice, Lawyers, Judges, and Judicial work.
4. Diplomacy, Ambassadors, and International trade delegates.
5. Professional Artists, Architects, Printmakers, and Writers.

Problems from Kings:** High tax burdens to fund centralized standing armies, suppression of local self-governance, and political oppression.

• Problems from Merchants: Exploitation of artisans and manual workers through low wages, artificial price increases, and monopolisation of essential trade goods.

Impression:** Depicts Erasmus as a deeply scholarly, focused, calm, and contemplative humanist scholar surrounded by books and writing instruments.

• Names: Written in Latin/Greek inscriptions on a decorative tablet mounted on the wall behind the scholar.
• Numerals 1526: Rendered in standard Arabic numerals near the monogram and inscription on the background wall plate.

Middle Ages Learning:** Focused strictly on religious themes, theology, blind faith, salvation in heaven, and unquestioning obedience to Church doctrine.

• Humanist Study: Focused on human life, human experience, rational enquiry, critical thinking, ethics, politics, and real-world worldly issues.

Yes, despite social barriers, exceptional women like Cassandra Fedele studied Greek and Latin classics and contributed significantly to humanist literature.

1. Focus on human life, human experience, and real-world issues rather than divine salvation.
2. Emphasis on reason, rational logic, and critical thinking over blind faith.
3. Study of classical Greek and Latin literature, history, ethics, and philosophy.
4. Encouragement of intellectual freedom and questioning of traditional religious authority.
5. Writing and publishing in regional vernacular languages (Italian, French, German) to make knowledge accessible.

Originator:** The Italian Latin scholar Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374 CE).

• Main Concern: He was distressed that people were not using language properly. He studied Latin classics to understand correct language usage and develop critical thinking to understand the world better.

Yes. Women humanists like Cassandra Fedele (1465-1558 CE) advocated for women’s right to classical education and challenged male-dominated public systems, laying early foundations for modern feminist thought.

Machiavelli’s book ‘The Prince’ (1513 CE) was a study of realistic politics, investigating how political processes actually operate in the real world rather than ideal situations, describing how rulers acquire and maintain power.

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439, the printing press allowed hundreds of identical copies of classical and humanist texts to be produced cheaply and rapidly. Scholars across Europe could read, debate, and exchange ideas easily.

Viewpoint:** Freedom of expression is vital for societal progress, truth, and democratic growth. Intellectuals must have the freedom to question dogmas and critique corruption. However, reasonable constitutional limits (preventing hate speech or violence) ensure social harmony.

Ancient Greek and Latin classics focused on human life, worldly philosophy, science, and rational reasoning created prior to medieval religious dogmas, offering a rich framework for fresh, critical thinking.

Printing broke the Church and royal monopoly over knowledge. Ideas could no longer be easily suppressed, fostering independent public debate and intellectual freedom.

Technique:** Digital media, the Internet, and electronic publishing.

• Impact: It enables instantaneous global dissemination of information and democratic participation, though it also presents challenges like misinformation and digital censorship.

Greek Influence:** Tall vertical columns and triangular pediments framing the entrance facade.

• Roman Influence: Semicircular structural arches and massive internal vaulting.
• Islamic Influence: The double-shelled grand prominent dome engineered to appear visually imposing from the exterior.

Notre Dame (Gothic Style):** Features pointed arches and tall spires reaching toward heaven, symbolizing medieval religious devotion and human humility before God.

• St. Peter’s (Classical Renaissance Style): Features Greek columns, balanced arches, and a monumental dome, reflecting human dignity, artistic symmetry, and Renaissance humanism.

Colours:** Bright, saturated primary colours such as red, yellow, and deep blue.

• Depiction: Idealized, stylized two-dimensional human figures with protruding eyes and sharp profile outlines rather than three-dimensional realistic perspectives.

No.** While realism captures physical accuracy, abstract and symbolic art formats allow artists to convey deeper emotions, spiritual ideas, and imaginative perspectives beyond visible reality.

Yes, for example, viewing Michelangelo’s La Pieta or Mughal miniature paintings. The lifelike portrayal of grief and intricate detail creates an unforgettable emotional impact.

Realistic art immortalized their personal features, individual wealth, social status, political authority, and worldly achievements in concrete, lifelike forms.

The painter relied on European printed engravings, portraits brought by foreign ambassadors (such as Sir Thomas Roe), and artistic descriptions available at the Mughal court.

1. To human senses, the earth feels stationary while the sun appears to move across the sky every day.
2. It contradicted long-held religious teachings that placed the earth at the centre of the universe created for human existence.

1. Expansion of Trade and Urbanisation: Growth of global maritime and overland trade created prosperous autonomous cities and wealth.
2. Emergence of Middle Class: Rise of merchants, lawyers, clerks, and scholars who questioned traditional dogmas.
3. Spread of Classical Knowledge: Translation of Greek, Indian, and Islamic scientific texts into regional languages.
4. Invention of Printing Press: Gutenberg’s printing press (1439) facilitated rapid dissemination of new ideas.

Establishment:** Kings sought central control over revenues and armies, eliminating the power of regional feudal lords.

• Role of Middle Class: The middle class provided educated administrators, legal advisors, munshis, and accountants, along with loans and taxes to fund standing royal armies.

1. Trade created new non-agricultural occupations such as accountancy, law, publishing, and international commerce.
2. Cities became hubs of intellectual exchange, literacy, and professional education, allowing people to acquire wealth and status independently of feudal land ownership.

Trade:** Merchants transported paper, printing, magnetic compasses, and astronomical tables along maritime routes connecting Asia and Europe.

• War: Military campaigns introduced gunpowder and artillery logistics (trajectory calculations), forcing rulers to study mathematics and metallurgy across borders.

Unique Features:** Human-centered inquiry (Humanism), focus on reason, law, political ethics, philosophy, and human emotions.

• Reason for Decline in Middle Ages: The Church suppressed pre-Christian Greek and Latin texts, considering them pagan and contrary to Christian salvation doctrines.

Unlike Europe where urbanisation included diverse social backgrounds, the educated urban class in India was largely restricted to specific caste groups (Brahmin, Kayastha, Kshatriya). This restricted intellectual mobility across wider society.

Islamic scholars translated ancient Greek, Indian, and Chinese scientific works into Arabic and Persian. They developed Indian mathematics (decimal system) and astronomy, preserving and transferring this knowledge to Europe during the Renaissance.

Similarities:** Both studied classical texts (Greek/Latin in Europe; Sanskrit/Persian in India) and performed administrative and analytical tasks.

• Differences: European humanists focused heavily on mathematics and experimental science, whereas the Indian middle class paid less attention to natural science and mathematics.

1. Humanists used critical text analysis to expose forged Church documents (e.g., Lorenzo Valla in 1435).
2. Scholars like Erasmus pointed out translation errors in the Latin Bible and criticized Church superstitions (‘In Praise of Folly’).
3. Promoted reason and observation over Church dogmas.

Middle Ages Art:** Restricted to flat, two-dimensional religious subjects.

• Renaissance Art: Used linear perspective, realistic proportions, human anatomy studies, oil paints, and realistic expressions of human emotions.

Realism in Art:** Depicting subjects, nature, anatomy, and human life as they actually appear in reality, without exaggeration.

• Realistic Hindi Films: Films like ‘Do Bigha Zamin’ or ‘Pather Panchali’ depict real social struggles, human poverty, and authentic human emotions truthfully without artificial melodramatic exaggeration.

Yes, Mughal miniature paintings displayed realism in portraying individual facial features, garments, court scenes, and natural flora and fauna with microscopic detail, even when using symbolic elements.

1. Synthesis of traditional Indian bright colours and Persian detailed line work.
2. Accurate portraiture of historical figures and everyday ordinary people.
3. Fusion of naturalistic background landscapes and calligraphic margins.

Islamic architecture perfected grand, double-shelled external domes built upon interconnected arch structures (e.g., Dome of the Rock), which directly inspired European architects like Michelangelo in designing St. Peter’s Cathedral.

It aimed to project civic pride, human dignity, grandeur, symmetry, balance, and rational proportion.

1. Dominance of religious dogmas prioritizing divine spiritual salvation over studying the physical world.
2. Lack of experimental methodology and instruments like telescopes and printing presses.

China:** Provided paper, printing, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass.

• India: Contributed the decimal numeral system and astronomical mathematics.
• Arab Countries: Preserved, expanded, and translated these scientific concepts into Arabic and transmitted them to Europe.

Established by pioneers like Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo through systematic experimentation and observational astronomy. Scientific knowledge cannot progress without them, as unverified assumptions lead to misconceptions.

Reasons:** Search for direct sea routes to Asian trade markets (spices, silk) and spreading Christianity.

• Importance of Science: Open-ocean navigation required magnetic compasses, astronomical star charts, and telescopes to cross unknown seas safely.