CG SCERT (Chhattisgarh Board) Class 9 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Official Edition
Complete 100% textbook-grounded CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 8 Solutions: Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions (1600-1900 CE) (लोकतांत्रिक एवं राष्ट्रवादी क्रांतियाँ) in Bilingual Format (English & Hindi Medium).
What is the meaning of nationalism and democracy…
राष्ट्रवाद और लोकतंत्र का क्या अर्थ है राजाओं…
Nationalism:** A collective feeling of unity, shared identity, culture, and political destiny among the people living in a geographical territory, binding them together as a nation-state.
- Democracy: A system of governance in which ultimate power resides with the citizens, who elect their representatives through periodic voting to make laws and govern the country under the rule of law.
- Difference: Under the rule of kings (monarchy), rulers held absolute, unchecked power based on heredity or divine right. People had no say in making laws, choosing rulers, or protecting their rights. In a democracy, governance is run according to a constitution, rulers are accountable to elected assemblies, and citizens enjoy fundamental rights and legal equality.
Do you think the parliament in England during…
क्या आपको लगता है कि 17वीं शताब्दी के…
No, the 17th-century English parliament was not democratic by modern standards. It consisted of two houses: the House of Lords (composed of hereditary feudal lords and high-ranking priests) and the House of Commons (elected only by wealthy property-owning men in towns and villages). Women, poor peasants, labourers, and landless people had no voting rights. Thus, it represented only a small privileged minority rather than the general population.
The Indian kings and emperors consulted their close…
भारतीय राजा और सम्राट फैसले लेने से पहले…
Yes, there was a major structural difference. In India, kings consulted advisors, ministers, or religious heads at their personal discretion, but these advisors were not elected representatives of any societal class and the king was not bound by their advice. In England, the Parliament was an established institutional assembly whose consent was traditionally required to levy new taxes. Although not fully democratic, the English Parliament acted as a formal body that could legally challenge and restrain the royal prerogative.
What were the differences that arose between the…
1600 से 1688 के बीच इंग्लैंड में राजा…
- Divine Right vs Accountability: Kings James I and Charles I claimed that royal authority was granted directly by God and answerable only to God, whereas Parliament asserted that kings must govern through elected representative laws.
- Taxation Rights: Charles I levied illegal taxes and forced loans without parliamentary approval, imprisoning those who refused to pay.
- Autocracy vs Constitutional Control: Kings suspended parliamentary sessions for long periods (e.g., 11 years under Charles I), leading to the English Civil War (1642-1649) and ultimately the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which established Constitutional Monarchy.
The king shall not interfere in the election…
राजा संसद के सदस्यों के चुनाव में हस्तक्षेप…
Kings previously used royal muscle power, patronage, bribery, and coercion to influence elections and install loyal supporters into Parliament. Imposing this condition in the Bill of Rights (1689) ensured that parliamentary elections remained free and independent, allowing delegates to represent people’s interests without fear of royal intimidation.
What do you think may have happened if…
यदि सदस्यों को संसद में अपने विचार और…
Without freedom of speech in parliament, members would be arrested or executed for opposing royal policies. Parliament would turn into a rubber-stamp body for despotic monarchs, preventing the redress of public grievances and destroying the path toward democratic legislation and human rights.
What was John Locke trying to convey in…
समस्त मानव जाति समान और स्वतंत्र है किसी…
- English Analysis: Locke conveyed that every human being possesses natural, inalienable rights from birth, namely the right to life, liberty, health, and property. No ruler, state, or individual has the authority to violate these rights. The fundamental duty of any legitimate government is to protect these natural rights through a social contract.
- Home Language Translation (Hindi / Chhattisgarhi):
- Hindi: ” , , , “
- Chhattisgarhi: ” , , , “
The constitution of India separates the powers of…
कार्यपालिका विधायिका और न्यायपालिका में विभाजित करता है।…
Yes, the system of ‘Separation of Powers’ (advocated by Locke and Montesquieu) acts as a robust system of checks and balances in India. The Legislature makes laws, the Executive implements them, and the Independent Judiciary evaluates their constitutional validity. If the Executive or Legislature attempts to pass unconstitutional or authoritarian measures, the Supreme Court and High Courts can strike them down, safeguarding citizen’s fundamental rights.
Translate the slogan No taxation without representation into…
प्रतिनिधित्व नहीं तो कर नहीं No taxation without…
The British Parliament levied heavy commercial taxes and duties on the 13 American colonies without granting them any elected delegates or representation in the Parliament in London. The American colonists argued that a distant parliament where they had no voice had no moral or legal right to impose taxes on them.
Why were women and African slaves not given…
स्वतंत्रता के बाद अमेरिका में महिलाओं और अफ्रीकी…
Reasons:** The 18th-century American political leadership consisted primarily of wealthy, white male property owners. They held patriarchal and racial prejudices, viewing women as restricted to domestic duties and African slaves as private plantation property rather than equal human citizens.
- Evaluation: This was an unjust, discriminatory, and hypocritical decision that directly contradicted the American Declaration of Independence’s core promise that “all men are created equal with inalienable rights to liberty”.
Both men and women participated in the French…
फ्रांस की क्रांति में पुरुषों और महिलाओं दोनों…
Despite active female participation in revolutionary events (such as the March on Versailles and storming of Bastille), 18th-century male revolutionaries held deep-seated patriarchal beliefs. They believed public political spheres belonged exclusively to men, while women’s roles were confined to managing households and raising children. Consequently, the Constituent Assembly rejected Olympe de Gouges’ ‘Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen’ and categorized women as ‘passive citizens’ without voting rights.
Compare the feudal system in Japan and France…
जापान और फ्रांस की सामंती व्यवस्था की तुलना…
Similarities:**
- In both countries, peasants worked on feudal estates and paid exorbitant rents (up to 80% of harvest in Japan; heavy feudal dues/tithes in France).
- Landowning aristocratic classes (Nobles in France; Samurai and Daimyo in Japan) enjoyed legal privileges, tax exemptions, and social status.
- Both experienced severe peasant revolts due to exploitation and heavy indebtedness to moneylenders/traders.
- Differences:
- In France, the King held absolute power supported by Nobles and Catholic Clergy; in Japan, the Emperor was a figurehead while actual political power lay with the military general (Shogun).
- Japanese Samurai were paid in paddy/grain for military service, whereas French Nobles owned vast hereditary land estates.
What steps did the parliament of England take…
इंग्लैंड की संसद ने निरंकुशता को समाप्त करने…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
To end royal authoritarianism and establish constitutional governance, the English Parliament took the following decisive steps between 1628 and 1689
- Petition of Right (1628): Presented to King Charles I, explicitly declaring that the King could not impose any tax or forced loan without the common consent of Parliament, nor imprison any free man without legal due process.
- Defeating Royalists in Civil War (1642-1649): Parliament assembled a popular army led by Oliver Cromwell, defeated Charles I, executed him for despotism, and briefly declared England a Republic.
- The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689): Parliament invited Mary II and William of Orange to assume the throne only after they signed the strict conditions of the Bill of Rights.
- Enacting Constitutional Rules: Parliament mandated that no law could be created or suspended, no new taxes levied, and no standing army raised without Parliamentary approval. It also guaranteed regular parliamentary sessions and free elections.
1628 1689
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Who was the main architect of the American…
अमेरिकी संविधान के मुख्य शिल्पकार कौन थे इस…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Main Architect: Thomas Jefferson (who drafted the Declaration of Independence in 1776) along with James Madison (known as the Father of the American Constitution).
- Special Features of the American Constitution:
- Written Democratic Constitution: It was the world’s first formal written democratic constitution establishing a Republic where the head of state is elected.
- Federal Structure: Power was divided between the central federal government and individual state governments.
- Separation of Powers: Clear division of governmental functions into three independent branches: Legislature (Congress), Executive (President), and Judiciary (Supreme Court).
- Bill of Rights: Guaranteed fundamental freedoms to citizens, including freedom of speech, press, religion, and protection against illegal arrest.
- Sovereignty of the People: Established that government derives its legitimate power solely from the consent of the governed.
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You have read about England America and France…
क क्रांति के बाद भी राजा के पास…
a. The king still had residual powers after the revolution: England** (Constitutional Monarchy established after 1688 where the monarch retained formal executive roles).
- b. The slogan: ‘No taxation without representation’: America (13 colonies protesting against British Parliament taxes).
- c. ‘Declaration of rights of Man and citizen’: France (Approved by National Constituent Assembly on August 26, 1789).
What were the main features of the relationship…
तोकुगावा शोगुन और जापानी सम्राट के बीच संबंधों…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Between 1603 and 1867, the Tokugawa family established military rule (Shogunate) in Japan. The relationship featured
- Emperor as a Figurehead: The Japanese Emperor resided in Kyoto as a symbolic and religious head of state but held no real political or administrative power.
- Shogun as Actual Ruler: Real executive, military, and administrative power was exercised entirely by the Shogun from Edo (modern Tokyo).
- Feudal Fragmentation: The Shogun divided Japan into over 250 feudal domains governed by Daimyos, extracting heavy rents from peasants while keeping the Emperor financially dependent on the Shogunate.
1603 1867
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What do you understand about the concept of…
सत्याग्रह की अवधारणा से आप क्या समझते हैं…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Definition: ‘Satyagraha’ (holding firm to truth) was a unique non-violent method of mass protest developed by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian freedom struggle.
- Core Principles:
- It is based on truth, non-violence (ahimsa), and moral strength, rejecting physical force or hatred.
- It aims to transform the conscience of the oppressor by demonstrating truth and enduring suffering peacefully, rather than seeking to destroy the enemy.
- It involves active non-cooperation with unjust laws, peaceful marches (e.g., Dandi March), strikes, and boycotts.
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How did the English parliament control the monarchys…
इंग्लैंड की संसद ने कर लगाने के राजा…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Traditional Consent Practice: Since medieval times, no new tax could be imposed without convening Parliament for approval.
- Petition of Right (1628): When Charles I tried to bypass Parliament by taking forced loans and levying ship money, Parliament passed the Petition of Right prohibiting any tax or loan not sanctioned by parliamentary vote.
- Control of War Finances (1640): When the royal treasury emptied due to war, Charles I was forced to call the Long Parliament, allowing Parliament to demand executive accountability in exchange for funds.
- Bill of Rights (1689): Made it permanently illegal for the Crown to levy money for royal use without a grant of Parliament.
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Rousseau believed that private property corrupted human society…
रूसो का मानना था कि निजी संपत्ति ने…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
In his books Discourse on Inequality and On the Social Contract, Rousseau argued that
- State of Nature: In early human history, land and natural resources were common property. Humans lived freely and resolved issues through collective dialogue.
- Emergence of Private Property: When individuals began claiming exclusive ownership over land, it birthed greed, division of labour, and social inequality.
- Enslavement by Wealthy: The rich erected laws and institutions to protect their private property, enslaving the landless majority and robbing them of their natural freedom (“Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains”).
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What were the factors that led to the…
अमेरिकी क्रांति के लिए उत्तरदायी कारक कौन से…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
The American War of Independence (1775-1783) was caused by
- Economic Exploitation & Mercantile Taxes: British Parliament passed trade laws and taxes (Navigation Acts, Stamp Act, Tea Duty) favoring British merchants while burdening American colonists.
- Lack of Political Representation: Colonists were taxed by London without having elected representatives in the British Parliament (‘No taxation without representation!’).
- Influence of Enlightenment Philosophers: Ideas of John Locke and Rousseau inspired colonists to demand self-governance and individual liberty.
- Coercive British Action: King George III rejected the Olive Branch petition sent by the First Continental Congress (1774) and declared war, prompting the 13 colonies to issue the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
(1775-1783)
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In what ways was the French Declaration of…
फ्रांस की अधिकारों की घोषणा किस प्रकार अमेरिका…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Both famous historical declarations shared core Enlightenment principles
- Natural & Inalienable Rights: Both asserted that all human beings are born free and equal, possessing fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property that cannot be taken away.
- Popular Sovereignty: Both stated that government power derives from the consent of the governed/nation, rather than divine rights of kings.
- Right to Resist Oppression: Both affirmed that people have the right to challenge, alter, or overthrow tyrannical governments.
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What was the attitude of the French revolutionaries…
फ्रांस के क्रांतिकारियों का महिलाओं के प्रति क्या…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Exclusion from Rights: The Declaration explicitly framed rights only for ‘Man’ (l’homme), excluding women from political citizenship and voting rights.
- Patriarchal Categorization: The 1791 Constitution categorized women as ‘passive citizens’ without political rights, believing a woman’s place was confined strictly to domestic duties.
- Rejection of Female Rights: When Olympe de Gouges published the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen’ in 1791, the male-dominated Assembly rejected it.
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We talk about fundamental rights in India today…
आज हम भारत में मौलिक अधिकारों की बात…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Modern fundamental rights trace their roots to the French Revolution’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
- Equality Before Law: Article 1 & 6 established that all citizens are equal in the eyes of the law, inspiring Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.
- Freedom of Speech and Press: Article 9 proclaimed free expression of thoughts as a precious right, reflected in Article 19 of India’s Constitution.
- Personal Liberty & Protection against Illegal Arrest: Articles 7 & 9 mandated that arrest can only happen through legal procedures, directly influencing Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
- * (1789)
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What was the role of the poorer classes…
चर्चा किए गए विभिन्न देशों की लोकतांत्रिक क्रांतियों…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- England: Peasants, artisans, and labourers formed Cromwell’s army that defeated Charles I. Radical groups like the Diggers demanded land redistribution and collective farming.
- France: Peasants attacked feudal chateaux during August 1789, burning land deeds and forcing the Assembly to abolish feudalism. Later, urban poor (sans-culottes) drove the revolution toward universal male franchise and price controls (1792-1794).
- Japan: Widespread 19th-century peasant revolts against high rents (80%) weakened the Tokugawa Shogunate, prompting the Meiji government to end tenancy rents and introduce agrarian reform.
- India: Peasants and workers participated in mass movements led by Gandhiji, transforming the elite national struggle into a countrywide movement against British rule and zamindari exploitation.
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What is the difference between Indian and Japanese…
भारतीय और जापानी राष्ट्रवाद के बीच क्या अंतर…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Leadership Source: Japanese nationalism was initiated from top-down by the Emperor (Meiji) and Samurai elites to modernize Japan and prevent Western colonization. Indian nationalism emerged bottom-up from educated middle-class intellectuals and mass movements opposing British colonial rule.
- Monarchy vs Anti-Colonial Democracy: Japan retained the Emperor as a supreme authority under the Meiji Constitution. India rejected royal rule and embraced anti-colonial democratic unity.
- Social Composition: Indian nationalism united diverse religions, castes, languages, and regions, whereas Japanese nationalism was culturally homogeneous and driven by state-directed industrialization.
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What changes occurred in Japan after the reinstatement…
मेजी राजवंश की पुनर्स्थापना के बाद जापान में…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
After the Meiji Restoration in 1868
- Abolition of Feudal Domains: Power was centralized under the Imperial government, abolishing autonomous feudal fiefdoms.
- Agrarian & Tax Reforms: Direct cash land taxes replaced feudal tenancy rents paid to Daimyos, with former feudal lords compensated through cash pensions.
- Equality Before Law: Samurai privileges were abolished, making all citizens equal under the law.
- Rapid Industrialization: Former feudal lords invested their pensions into factories, mines, and shipping, transforming Japan into an industrial power.
- Meiji Constitution (1889): Established a constitutional monarchy modeled on Germany with an elected parliament, though supreme authority remained with the Emperor.
1868
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What was the main reason for Indias freedom…
दक्षिण अफ्रीका से गांधीजी के लौटने के बाद…
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Mass Participation: Before 1915, the movement was largely restricted to urban middle-class intellectuals. Gandhiji connected national political demands with peasant struggles, labor issues, Dalit rights, and women’s involvement.
- Satyagraha Method: He introduced non-violent Satyagraha, a moral mass action method that enabled ordinary men and women to actively protest without arms.
- Vision of Complete Swaraj: He framed freedom not just as political independence from the British, but as social transformation ending untouchability, zamindari exploitation, and communal divide.
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What difference do you see in the following…
सभी वयस्क पुरुषों और महिलाओं के मताधिकार के…
- Western Delay: In all major Western democracies (England, America, France, Germany, Italy) and Japan, universal adult franchise was granted in phases. Men received voting rights decades or centuries before women (e.g., France had a 69-year gap; America had a 58-year gap). Women had to fight long political struggles to win suffrage.
- India’s Revolutionary Achievement: India granted Universal Adult Franchise simultaneously to both men and women in 1950 upon the adoption of the Constitution. Independent India provided equal political voting rights to all citizens from Day 1, regardless of gender, wealth, caste, or education.
All in-text discussion prompts, historical document analyses, table activities, and all 16 end-of-chapter exercises for Chapter 8: Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions (1600-1900 CE) have been fully solved step-by-step in bilingual format, strictly adhering to source text facts without using em-dashes or en-dashes.