CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 Solutions: India – An Introduction (Physical Features of the Indian Subcontinent) (भारत – एक सामान्य परिचय (भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप का प्राकृतिक स्वरूप)) – 2026-27

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CG SCERT (Chhattisgarh Board) Class 9 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Official Edition

Complete 100% textbook-grounded CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 Solutions: India – An Introduction (Physical Features of the Indian Subcontinent) (भारत – एक सामान्य परिचय (भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप का प्राकृतिक स्वरूप)) in Bilingual Format (English & Hindi Medium).

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Section 1

Location, Extent and Cultural Landscape

Question

Which states of India does the Tropic of…


📝 Question:

Question 7:** Which states of India does the Tropic of Cancer pass through? / – ?

💡 Solution:

The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′ N) passes through 8 Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

India shares land boundaries with 7 countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Across the sea, its coastal neighbours are Sri Lanka and Maldives.

International boundaries between India and neighbouring countries are marked on standard reference maps using dash-and-dot lines (alternate long dash and dot symbols).

India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south.

Section 1 Exercises (Pages 19

20)

Q2

Fill in the blanks 1 Question People say…


📝 Question:

Fill in the blanks: 1. Question:** People say that if there were no Himalayas or Hindu Kush mountain range, the Indian subcontinent would have been a vast … / ,

💡 Solution:

barren desert**

mountain passes, Khyber

8°04′ N, 37°06′ N, longitudinal

17.2

Q2

s with short answers 1 Question What are…


📝 Question:

s with short answers: 1. Question:** What are the names of the perennial rivers originating in the Himalayas? / ?

💡 Solution:

The major perennial river systems originating in the Himalayas are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries such as Yamuna, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Kosi, and Gandak.

The high and extended Himalayan mountain range acts as a barrier, protecting the Indian subcontinent from the biting cold winds blowing southwards from the polar regions.

India shares land and maritime borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established to improve political, economic, and cultural cooperation among South Asian nations, with India occupying a central geographical position.

The eastern longitude of 82°30′ E passing through the middle of the country is the Prime Meridian of India, used to calculate Indian Standard Time (IST).

In Chhattisgarh, Hindi and Chhattisgarhi are the primary languages. Additionally, tribal dialects such as Gondi, Halbi, Kudukh, Sargujia, Bhatri, and Dorli are widely spoken.

Section 2

Physical Features – North and North-Eastern Mountains

Question

Which is the largest river system GangesIndus


📝 Question:

Question 1:** Which is the largest river system? Ganges/Indus / ? /

💡 Solution:

Ganges**

Ravi

Brahmaputra

None (Mahanadi is an independent peninsular river system)

Question

Page 26 What are the differences between farming…


📝 Question:

Question (Page 26):** What are the differences between farming in Chhattisgarh and Ladakh? / ?

💡 Solution:

Ladakh:* Farming is subsistence-based on small, uneven plots, limited to May-October due to severe cold. Fields are irrigated by glacier meltwater, growing barley, peas, wheat, and potatoes.

  • Chhattisgarh: Farming is practiced year-round on fertile flat plains using monsoon rainfall and canal/tube-well irrigation, with paddy as the dominant crop.

During winter, upper mountain pastures freeze and become buried under heavy snow, destroying grass. Shepherds migrate to lower valleys where winter temperatures are less severe, remaining snow-free so fodder stays available.

Road construction has connected remote Himalayan pilgrimage shrines (Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, Yamunotri) and scenic spots to transport grids, allowing hotels and local transport to cater to millions of tourists comfortably.

Tree roots anchor mountain soil and absorb rainwater. Deforestation destroys this protective root cover, causing rainwater to rush rapidly down steep slopes and carry massive silt into river channels, making rivers overflow in the plains.

  • Eastern Himalayas: Located near the Bay of Bengal, receiving over 300 cm annual rainfall with dense evergreen tropical forests, cane, bamboo, and spices.
  • Western Himalayas: Inland location receiving moderate rainfall and heavy snowfall, featuring temperate coniferous forests (Pine, Deodar) and alpine meadows (Bugyals).

While clearing forest plots for jhum cultivation, farmers cut the trees but leave the tree stumps and underground roots completely intact, which firmly hold the topsoil on steep slopes.

  1. Multiple Choice Question: Which of the following states do not fall within the Himalayas? / ?

a) Madhya Pradesh b) Uttar Pradesh c) Sikkim d) Haryana e) Punjab

  • Answer:a) Madhya Pradesh, b) Uttar Pradesh, d) Haryana, and e) Punjab do not lie in the Himalayas (Sikkim is a Himalayan state).
  • English: Himalayan rivers are perennial because they are fed by two continuous water sources: melting glaciers during hot summer months and heavy precipitation from monsoon rains.
  • English: In summer (April), melting snow in high alpine pastures (Bugyals) sprouts fresh, tender, and sweet grass, providing ideal grazing for sheep and goats.
  • English: Mountainous terrain has rugged topography, rocky soil, harsh climate, and limited flat agricultural land, forcing fewer people to live scattered in small habitations along slopes and valleys.
  • English: Terraced fields on slopes are used to grow rice, maize, pahadi potatoes, and capsicum, while extensive plantations grow apples, plums, apricots, pears, cherries, and tea.
  • English: Roads allow farmers to transport perishable commercial fruits and off-season vegetables quickly to distant markets for good profits, while enabling tourists to visit scenic spots comfortably, boosting local trade.
Section 3

Physical Features – The Vast Northern Plains

Question

Page 35 The plains of Punjab and Haryana…


📝 Question:

Question (Page 35):** The plains of Punjab and Haryana receive scant rainfall. Yet their agricultural production is high. What made this possible? / ?

💡 Solution:

High agricultural output is made possible by an extensive irrigation network of canal systems fed by perennial rivers (e.g. Bhakra-Nangal dam) and electric tubewells, combined with Green Revolution HYV seeds and fertilizers.

  1. State True or False:
  • Answer: False (Major portion of Indus plain lies in Pakistan, Ganges delta in Bangladesh). / **
  • Answer: True. / **
  • Answer: True. / **
  • Answer: True. / **
  • English: Annual rainfall is low and erratic. Irrigation provides assured water supply, allowing farmers to practice multiple cropping (harvesting 2-3 crops annually) and drastically increase crop production and income.
  • English: The terrain is completely flat and non-undulating, and river waters flow almost at the level of surrounding agricultural fields, enabling canals to carry water across long distances by gravity without pumping.
  1. Question: What are the similarities and differences between terai and delta? / ?
  • English:
  • Similarity: Both are marshy/swampy landforms created by river deposition with rich moisture suitable for crops like paddy and sugarcane.
  • Difference: Terai forms at mountain foothills (below bhabar gravel) where underground rivers resurface. Delta forms at the river’s mouth before joining the sea, split into distributaries.
  • Hindi:
  1. Question: What are the differences between an ox-bow lake and the ponds in your village or town? / (Ox-bow lake) ?
  • English: An ox-bow lake is a natural horseshoe-shaped lake formed when a meandering river breaches its serpentine bend during floods. Village ponds are small, artificial man-made excavations constructed to collect rainwater runoff.
  • English: Intensive farming uses electric tubewells to extract groundwater continuously for multiple cropping. Unregulated extraction drops groundwater levels drastically and causes soil salinity, creating environmental problems.
Section 4

Physical Features – Peninsular Plateau

Q7

InText Comparison Table Page 44


📝 Question:

#### In-Text Comparison Table (Page 44)

💡 Solution:

S.No.Feature /HimalayasCentral Highlands / Peninsular Plateau
2Rivers / Perennial, glacier-fed swift rivers (Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra) / ,Peninsular, rain-fed rivers (Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari) / ,
3Minerals / Limited building stones and limestone / ,Richest mineral belt (Coal, Iron ore, Bauxite, Gold, Manganese) /

Look at the physical map of India and compare features: /

A) Choose the correct alternative:

a) Gangetic plain b) Coastal plains c) Thar Desert d) Southern peninsular plateau

  • English: d) Southern peninsular plateau (Chhattisgarh falls in the Peninsular Plateau).

a) Gangetic plain b) Himalayan region c) Peninsular plateau d) None of these

  • English: c) Peninsular plateau (Contains 90% of India’s minerals).

a) Nainital b) Kodaikanal c) Mussoorie d) None of these

  • English: b) Kodaikanal (Located in Palni Hills, Tamil Nadu).

a) Gondwanaland b) Laurasia c) Thar d) Sivalik

  • English: a) Gondwanaland.

a) Gangetic plain b) Deccan plateau c) Kashmir Himalayas d) Sivalik Hills

  • English: b) Deccan plateau (Peninsular block).
  1. Question: Which rivers flow in a rift valley? / (Rift valley) ?

a) Ganges and Yamuna b) Narmada and Tapti c) Mahanadi and Subarnarekha d) Krishna and Kaveri

  • English: b) Narmada and Tapti.

B) Match the pairs (Page 48):

  • Matches:
  1. Kolar gold fields : *2. Karnataka
  2. Lifeline of Chhattisgarh : *1. Mahanadi
  3. Hill station of Chhattisgarh : *4. Mainpat
  4. West-flowing river : *3. Tapti
Question

What is the meaning of ghat


📝 Question:

What is the meaning of ‘ghat’? / ” ?

💡 Solution:

‘Ghats’ are broad mountain passes or gaps located at lower altitudes across coastal mountain ranges (Sahyadris/Western Ghats) providing transportation routes between the plateau and coastal plains (e.g. Thalghat, Bhorghat, Palghat).

Section 5

Physical Features – Coastal Plains and Islands

Question

Which states does the western coastal plain touch


📝 Question:

Question 1:** Which states does the western coastal plain touch? / – ?

💡 Solution:

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala.

West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Paradip (Odisha), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Machilipatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and Chennai (Tamil Nadu).

Kandla (Gujarat), Mumbai (Maharashtra), Mormugao (Goa), Mangaluru (Karnataka), and Cochin/Kochi (Kerala).

  • English: Foreign traders established trading posts because coastal plains provided natural sea harbours, smooth maritime accessibility, and abundance of export commodities like spices, coconut, rubber, and silk.
  • English:
  • Western Coastal Plain: Narrow strip (64 km wide) between Arabian Sea and Western Ghats formed by submergence; rivers are short, swift, forming estuaries without deltas.
  • Eastern Coastal Plain: Wide plain (160 to 480 km wide) between Bay of Bengal and Eastern Ghats formed by emergence; rivers (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri) form broad deltas.
  • Hindi:
  • English:
  • Economic Importance: Fertile lands produce rice, coconut, and spices; offshore fields (Mumbai High) yield oil; sands yield atomic monazite minerals; and ports drive international trade.
  • Cultural Importance: Home to historical pilgrimage shrines (Rameswaram, Kanyakumari, Kanchipuram) and ancient trading ports reflecting blended Arab, European, and Indian heritage.
  • Hindi:
  • English: Fishermen face sudden ocean storms, high waves, boat capsize risks, colliding with submerged rocks, getting lost at sea, and attacks by carnivorous marine predators.
  • English: Lakshadweep has a moist tropical climate supporting dense, evergreen tropical forests. Common trees include mahogany, ebony, rosewood, and bamboo, alongside tidal shore vegetation and coconut trees.
Section 6

Physical Features – The Indian Desert & World Deserts Analysis

Question

The Thar Desert spreads across which Asian countries


📝 Question:

Question 1:** The Thar Desert spreads across which Asian countries? / ?

💡 Solution:

India and Pakistan.

The Thar Desert is situated between the Indus River in the west (flowing south-west towards the Arabian Sea) and the Luni River in the east.

The Luni River originates in the Naga Hills of the Aravalli Range near Ajmer in Rajasthan.

  1. Multiple Choice Question: Water Conservation Day is celebrated on: / ?

a) March 22 b) June 15 c) January 26 d) The day it rains

  • Answer:a) March 22.
  1. Multiple Choice Question: By growing which tree do Thar farmers stand to gain the most economically? / ?

a) Khejri b) Babul c) Plum d) Teak

  • Answer:a) Khejri (Provides nutritious green fodder, timber, and fixes nitrogen in soil).
  1. Multiple Choice Question: Where did the marble to build the Taj Mahal come from? / ?

a) Tajpur b) Makrana c) Mughal Gardens d) Agra

  • Answer:b) Makrana (Nagaur district, Rajasthan).
  • English: Nearby vegetation around villages is sparse and rapidly exhausted. Herders take livestock deep into open desert hamlets (dhanis) where natural desert grasses and Khejri foliage are available.
  • English: Khejri, Rohida, Babul, Ker, and Thor (cactus species).
  • English: Tie-and-dye fabric printing (Bandhej), lac bangles, woollen carpet weaving, enamelled jewellery, and stone engraving.
  1. Question: What is the roof-top rainwater harvesting method? / (Roof-top rainwater harvesting) ?
  • English: Rainwater falling on building roofs is collected and directed through pipes into an underground covered storage tank (Tanka) for drinking and domestic use.

Based on the ‘Deserts of the World’ Data Table printed in the textbook:

  • English: Sahara Desert (North Africa, Area: 90,00,000 sq km).
  • English: Thar ranks 9th among the major hot deserts listed in the textbook data table (Area: 2,00,000 sq km).
  • English: Europe.
  • English: Australia and North America (Both continents have 3 major hot deserts each in the textbook table).
  • Step-by-Step Calculation:
  • Sum of Hot Deserts: 90,00,000 + 23,30,000 + 9,00,000 + 6,47,000 + 5,20,000 + 4,50,000 + 4,00,000 + 3,10,000 + 2,00,000 + 1,56,000 = 1,49,13,000 sq km.
  • Sum of Cold Deserts: 1,40,00,000 + 10,00,000 + 6,20,000 + 4,92,000 + 3,50,000 + 3,37,000 + 3,00,000 + 2,70,000 + 1,40,000 + 81,000 = 1,75,90,000 sq km.
  • Answer:Cold deserts cover a greater total area (1,75,90,000 sq km) compared to hot deserts (1,49,13,000 sq km) due to the massive polar landmass of Antarctica.
  1. Question 14: Formulate two additional questions based on the information contained in the table that are not covered in the questionnaire. /
Question

A English Which is the largest cold desert…


📝 Question:

A (English):** Which is the largest cold desert in the world, and what is its area?

💡 Solution:

  • Answer A (English): Antarctica (Area: 1,40,00,000 sq km).
  • A: ?
  • A:

Question

B English In which Asian region is the…


📝 Question:

B (English):** In which Asian region is the Gobi Cold Desert located, and what is its area?

💡 Solution:

  • Answer B (English): East Asia (Area: 10,00,000 sq km).
  • B: ?
  • B:

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