CG SCERT (Chhattisgarh Board) Class 9 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Official Edition
Complete 100% textbook-grounded CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 18 Solutions: How does Production take Place? (उत्पादन कैसे होता है?) in Bilingual Format (English & Hindi Medium).
Pie Chart Analysis: Land Use in Raipur City (Figure 18.1 / Page 263)
- Official Data Read from Pie Chart: Residence/Apartment 55%, Office 12%, Transport (Roads/Bus depot/Parking) 14%, Shops/Shopping complexes 11%, Entertainment 3%, Others 5%.
In-Text Question 1: Why did the government propose to increase the land allocated for entertainment? (Page 263)
- English: The government proposed to increase the land allocated for entertainment and leisure (parks, open spaces, playgrounds) from 3% to 21% because rapidly growing urban centers like Raipur suffer from severe overcrowding, industrial pollution, and stress. Expanding open green spaces, parks, and recreational zones improves public health, enhances environmental quality, promotes social well-being, and makes urban living sustainable.
In-Text Question 2: Suggest a plan that could help in increasing the employment opportunities in Raipur. (Page 263)
- English: A plan to boost employment opportunities in Raipur should include:
- Promoting Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Developing dedicated zones with subsidized electricity and formal credit for agro-processing, food processing, and forest produce units.
- Constructing Designated Vending Zones: Creating planned kiosks and night markets for small hawkers and street vendors so they can operate legally without fear of eviction.
- Skill Development Centers: Setting up vocational training institutes to upgrade unskilled migrant laborers into skilled technicians (electricians, fabricators, computer operators).
Q1
Project Work 1 Study the land utilization in…
Project Work 1 Study the land utilization in…
📝 Question:
Project Work 1: Study the land utilization in your locality and prepare a report. (Page 263) 1
💡 Solution:
- English (Sample Local Survey Report):
- Locality Surveyed: Residential and Commercial Ward in Local Area.
- Land Allocation Breakdown: Residential Houses/Apartments: 60%, Roads & Transport Paths: 15%, Local Shops & Commercial Complexes: 15%, Parks & School Grounds: 5%, Vacant Plots/Others: 5%.
- Key Finding: Commercial activities are encroaching upon residential lanes, highlighting the need for stricter zoning and more public park spaces.
- : /: 60%, : 15%, : 15%, : 5%, /: 5%
In-Text Question 3: What are the possible ways in which low income families can increase their earnings? (Page 264)
- English: Low-income families living in urban slums can enhance their earnings through:
- Acquiring Occupational Skills: Transitioning from unskilled manual labor (porters, helpers) to skilled work (plumbing, masonry, tailoring, driving) through government skill missions.
- Accessing Formal Micro-Credit: Joining Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to secure low-interest bank loans for starting small self-employed businesses instead of relying on high-interest moneylenders.
- Forming Cooperatives: Collective bargaining for better wages and securing group contracts for domestic, construction, or transport work.
Survey Activity: Visit a locality where unskilled labourers gather in search of work (Labor Chowk). (Page 267)
- English (Sample Survey Findings at Local Labor Chowk):
- Question 1: How many people gather here daily to look for work? Around 150 to 200 laborers gather daily between 7:00 AM and 9:00 AM.
- Question 2: What is the percentage of women among them? Women constitute approximately 25% to 30% of the gathered workforce.
- Question 3: How many people, on average, get work in a day? On average, only 50% to 60% (about 80-100 people) get hired for daily construction or painting jobs, while the rest return empty-handed.
| Point of Comparison / | Self-Employed Labor | Salaried Employment |
|---|---|---|
| *Income Stability | Fluctuates daily/monthly depending on market sales and customer demand. | Fixed monthly salary assured on a specific date. |
| *Job Security & Benefits | No job security, no paid leave, no medical insurance or provident fund. | High job security, paid annual leave, PF, and medical benefits in organized sector. |
| *Risk & Investment | Bears market risks and arranges personal working capital. | Bears no market loss risk; uses employer’s capital and infrastructure. |
| :— | :— | :— |
In-Text Question 4 / Project Work: Compare the earnings from self-employment and salaried employment and state the differences between the two. (Page 268)
- English:
In-Text Question 5: What kind of professional training needs to be imparted to ensure that more people acquire skills to qualify them for better jobs? (Page 268)
- English: To qualify workers for high-paying organized sector jobs, professional training must focus on:
- Technical & Industrial Trades: ITI certification courses for electricians, CNC machine operators, welders, plumbers, and mechanics.
- Digital & Commercial Skills: Computer accounting (Tally/ERP), digital marketing, software application usage, and office management.
- Soft Skills & Language Training: Communication skills and safety compliance protocols required in modern factories and corporate offices.
In-Text Question 6: Why does the wage structure of various professions differ? (Page 268)
- English: Wage structures differ across professions due to:
- Skill & Education Requirement: Highly skilled jobs requiring specialized degrees (e.g., Chartered Accountants, doctors) command higher salaries than unskilled manual jobs.
- Nature & Intensity of Work: Hazardous or physically strenuous jobs may pay risk premiums compared to simple routine helpers.
- Supply and Demand of Labor: Abundant supply of unskilled labor lowers daily wages, whereas scarcity of specialized technical experts drives up professional compensation.
In-Text Question 7: The wage rates for men and women construction workers in cities are different. Do you think this is a correct practice? Justify your answer. (Page 268)
- English: No, this is an incorrect and discriminatory practice. It violates the principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work enshrined in the Indian Constitution and the Equal Remuneration Act. Both male and female construction workers perform strenuous manual labor for the same duration on site. Gender-based wage discrimination economically exploits female workers and must be legally penalized.
In-Text Question 8: Collect data from your city or village on the prevalent wage rates. Compare these rates with the rates given in the table. (Page 268)
- English:
- Textbook Field Survey Data (2014): Unskilled factory worker: ₹150-200/day; Construction male: ₹250/day; Construction female: ₹150/day; Grocery helper: ₹100-150/day.
- Current Market Survey Comparison: Present market rates have risen due to inflation (e.g., Construction male: ₹450-500/day; Construction female: ₹350-400/day; Unskilled factory worker: ₹350-400/day). However, the gap between market rates and statutory living costs remains a challenge.
In-Text Question 9: What is the difference between the wage rate fixed by the government and the actual wage received by labourers in Raipur? (Page 268)
- English:
- Statutory Minimum Wage (2014-15): Agricultural labor: ₹149/day; Unskilled industrial/shop labor: ₹212 to ₹214/day.
- Actual Market Wage Received (2014 Field Survey): Helper in vegetable store: ₹50 to ₹100/day; Helper in grocery store: ₹100 to ₹150/day; Female construction worker: ₹150/day.
- Difference & Conclusion: Actual wages received by informal workers were significantly lower (by ₹50 to ₹100 per day) than the statutory minimum wages mandated by law, showing poor legal enforcement in unorganized sectors.
In-Text Question 10: Why does the government fix a minimum wage for labourers? Discuss in class. (Page 268)
- English: The government fixes minimum wage rates to:
- Prevent Economic Exploitation: Protect vulnerable, unorganized workers from being forced into working at starvation wages due to poverty and high competition.
- Ensure Basic Standard of Living: Guarantee that every worker earns enough to cover basic food, clothing, shelter, health, and education needs.
- Reduce Income Inequality: Establish a legally binding floor price for labor across agriculture, trade, transport, and manufacturing industries.
| Case Study / | Physical / Fixed Capital | Working Capital |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Jan Koum (WhatsApp) | iPhone, computer equipment, servers, and office premises. | Money spent on internet servers, coding software testing, and operational funds backed by investor Jim Goetz. |
| 2. Rajendra (Rice Mill) | Mill building, modern milling machinery, furniture, and electric installations funded by bank loan. | Funds used to procure paddy (raw material), pay daily wages, and clear electricity bills. |
| 3. Ramesh (Tea Stall) | Utensils, gas cylinder, and wooden shelves bought with ₹10,000 borrowed loan. | Monthly cash spent on milk, tea leaves, gram flour, oil (₹24,000), helper salary (₹4,000), rent, and electricity. |
| :— | :— | :— |
In-Text Question 11: Distinguish between fixed capital and working capital in the case study examples (Jan Koum, Rajendra’s Rice Mill, Ramesh’s Tea Stall). (Page 273)
- English:
Q2
Project Work 2 Discuss with an entrepreneur what…
Project Work 2 Discuss with an entrepreneur what…
📝 Question:
Project Work 2: Discuss with an entrepreneur what motivated her/him to take the risk of starting a business and what challenges she/he had to face. Prepare a report. (Page 273) 2
💡 Solution:
- English (Sample Entrepreneurship Interview Report):
- Entrepreneur Profile: Local Bakery and Snack Food Manufacturer.
- Motivation: Desire for independence, economic self-reliance, and identifying unmet local demand for fresh baked goods.
- Challenges Faced: Securing bank credit for fixed capital, managing rising costs of raw materials (flour, butter), maintaining continuous power supply, dealing with market demand fluctuations, and surviving stiff competition from established brands.
- There are many industries producing steel and cement in and around Raipur.
- Workers who achieve expertise in a profession are called skilled labour.
- National Highway 46, which connects Mumbai and Kolkata, passes through Raipur.
- Machines, buildings etc are categorized as fixed (or physical) capital.
- Arranging resources for production is called entrepreneurship.
- All kinds of physical and mental effort is known as labour.
- Fixed and working capital are required to organize production.
i) Durg, Balodabazar, Aarang, Rajnandgaon
- Odd One Out / : *Rajnandgaon.
- Reason / :
- English: Durg, Balodabazar, and Aarang are directly adjacent to or included in the immediate capital region/boundary of Raipur District as shown in Map 18.1, whereas Rajnandgaon is a separate distinct district that does not border Raipur directly on Map 18.1.
ii) Land, labour, cement, capital
- Odd One Out / : *Cement.
- Reason / :
- English: Land, Labour, and Capital are three fundamental Factors of Production (along with Entrepreneurship), whereas Cement is an intermediate manufactured raw material / output.
iii) Machine, building, plant, raw material
- Odd One Out / : *Raw material.
- Reason / :
- English: Raw material is Working (Variable) Capital consumed within a single production cycle, whereas Machine, Building, and Plant are Physical or Fixed Capital that operate over many years.
Q3
i Compare how land is used in villages…
i गाँवों और शहरों में भूमि का उपयोग…
📝 Question:
(i). Compare how land is used in villages and towns. (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Land Use in Villages: Land in rural areas is primarily utilized for agriculture, animal husbandry, pastures, and forests. Residential spaces (villages/hamlets) are built close to agricultural fields.
- Land Use in Towns/Cities: In urban areas like Raipur, there is virtually no agricultural land. Land is intensively utilized for establishing factories, government administrative offices, commercial markets, shopping malls, housing complexes, roads, schools, and hospitals.
- : , ,
- : , , , , ,
Q3
ii The government is responsible for providing residential…
ii सरकार अपने कर्मचारियों को आवासीय मकान आवास…
📝 Question:
(ii). The government is responsible for providing residential quarters for its employees. Do you agree? Explain. (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Yes, I agree to a large extent because
- Ensures Public Service Efficiency: Government employees (police, healthcare staff, administrative officers) are frequently transferred to new cities where high market rents make finding suitable housing difficult.
- Job Performance: Providing quarters near official workplaces allows employees to perform public duties efficiently without long commuting delays.
- Welfare Standard: Where government quarters are limited, providing an adequate House Rent Allowance (HRA) compensates employees for urban housing costs.
- :
- :
- : , (HRA)
Q3
iii Why is it important for the government…
iii सरकार के लिए श्रमिकों के लिए न्यूनतम…
📝 Question:
(iii). Why is it important for the government to fix a minimum wage rate for labour? (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
- Prevents Exploitation: Protects poor, unorganized, and migrant workers from being exploited by powerful employers due to high competition for daily jobs.
- Guarantees Basic Subsistence: Ensures that every worker earns enough income to meet essential family needs like food, health, and shelter.
- Legal Benchmark: Establishes a statutory legal standard across agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, giving workers legal recourse if underpaid.
- :
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- : , ,
Q3
iv How does fixed capital differ from working…
iv अचल स्थिर पूंजी कार्यशील कार्यकारी पूंजी से…
📝 Question:
(iv). How does fixed capital differ from working capital? (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
| Distinction / | Physical / Fixed Capital | Working Capital |
|---|---|---|
| *Duration | Operates over many years and across multiple production cycles. | Consumed and exhausted within a single production cycle. |
| *Re-investment | Requires periodic repair and maintenance, not replacement every cycle. | Requires fresh cash investment for every new production cycle. |
| / (Fixed Capital) | / (Working Capital) |
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Q3
v Why are loan facilities not accessible to…
v ऋण सुविधाएं सभी के लिए सुलभ क्यों…
📝 Question:
(v). Why are loan facilities not accessible to all? (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
Formal bank loan facilities are not easily accessible to poor and informal workers because
- Lack of Collateral Security: Formal banks demand property deeds, land documents, or fixed assets as collateral security, which poor slum dwellers lack.
- Complex Legal Paperwork: Institutional loans involve formal application procedures, tax returns, and literacy skills that intimidate uneducated workers.
- Reliance on Informal Lenders: Due to urgent needs and lack of bank reach, low-income families rely on informal moneylenders who charge exorbitant interest rates.
- / (Collateral) : ,
- : ,
- :
Q3
vi What factors influence the rent of a…
vi किसी भवन के किराए को कौनकौन से…
📝 Question:
(vi). What factors influence the rent of a building? (Page 274)
💡 Solution:
- English Step-by-Step Answer:
The rental value of a residential or commercial building is influenced by
- Locality and Market Prominence: Buildings located in prime commercial areas, major road intersections, or shopping complexes command much higher rents than those in distant suburbs.
- Availability of Civic Services: Access to good roads, continuous water supply, electricity, parking space, and public transport elevates property rent.
- Purpose of Use: Rent for commercial spaces (malls, shops, offices) is substantially higher than rent for residential housing.
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All in-text questions, pie chart data interpretations, labor survey prompts, minimum wage comparisons, case study exercises, multiple-choice options, fill-in-the-blanks, and all descriptive end-of-chapter exercises for *Chapter 18: How does Production take Place? have been completely solved step-by-step in bilingual format without using any em-dashes or en-dashes, strictly grounded in official textbook facts and figures.