CG Board Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Solutions: Metals and Metallurgy (धातु एवं धातुकर्म) (2026-27)

CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
  • Chapter 9: Metals and Metallurgy (धातु एवं धातुकर्म)
  • CGBSE Board Weightage: 5 Marks (10 Academic Periods)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)

🌐 Select Language / माध्यम चुनें:

Part 1

In-Text & Activity Questions

Q1

Activity1 Questions Physical Properties of Metals


📝 Question:

Activity-1 Questions (Physical Properties of Metals)

💡 Solution:

(i) Do all metals have luster?**

(ii) Can all metals be beaten into thin sheets or foils?

(iii) Ponder Questions:

  • The wires in different electrical appliances are made of which metal or metals?
  • Which metal is used in household wiring?
  • Which metal is used to make high tension wires?
  • Which metals are used to make cooking utensils and why?

(i) ?

(iii) :

  • (i) Most metals possess a shiny metallic surface when freshly cut or cleaned (metallic luster). However, when left exposed to air, reactive metals react with atmospheric gases and moisture, forming oxide or carbonate coatings that dull their shine.
  • (ii) No, all metals cannot be beaten into thin sheets to the same extent. Gold, silver, aluminium, and iron have high malleability, whereas metals like zinc are brittle at room temperature and crumble upon hammering.
  • (iii) Ponder Answers:
  • Appliance wires: Copper and aluminium.
  • Household wiring: Copper (due to high electrical conductivity and ductility).
  • High tension wires: Aluminium (due to light weight, good electrical conductivity, and cost-effectiveness).
  • Cooking utensils: Aluminium, copper, and iron (because they are good thermal conductors, have high melting points, and are malleable).
  • (i) , ,
  • (ii) , , , ,
  • (iii) :

Q2

Activity2 Displacement Reaction Questions


📝 Question:

Activity-2 & Displacement Reaction Questions

💡 Solution:

(i) Can you tell why copper is displaced when we add zinc pieces to copper sulphate solution, but zinc is not displaced when we add copper turnings to zinc sulphate solution?**

(ii) Did you notice any change in the appearance of the metals or the solutions in test tubes A to F?

(iii) Is any precipitate being formed?

(iv) Can you tell which metal is displacing another metal from its salt solution?

(i) , ?

(iii) ?

  • (i) Zinc is more reactive than copper (placed higher in the metal activity series). Therefore, zinc easily displaces copper from copper sulphate solution (Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu). Conversely, copper is less reactive than zinc, so it cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.
  • (ii) Yes
  • In Test Tube A (CuSO4 + Fe), the blue solution turns light green (FeSO4) and reddish-brown copper deposits on iron nails.
  • In Test Tube B (CuSO4 + Zn), the blue color fades to colorless (ZnSO4) with reddish-brown copper deposit.
  • In Test Tube D (ZnSO4 + Mg), magnesium displaces zinc.
  • In Test Tube E (FeSO4 + Zn), zinc displaces iron.
  • No changes occur in C (ZnSO4 + Cu) and F (NaCl + Zn).
  • (iii) Reddish-brown or dark metal solids are deposited at the bottom or on the metal surface.
  • (iv) Iron displaces copper, zinc displaces copper and iron, and magnesium displaces zinc.
  • (i) (Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu) ,
  • (ii)
  • (iii) – /
  • (iv) , ,

Q3

Section 921 InText Reaction Question Write the balanced…


📝 Question:

Section 9.2.1 In-Text Reaction Question: Write the balanced equation of the reaction taking place when potassium reacts rapidly with oxygen

💡 Solution:

Potassium reacts vigorously with oxygen at room temperature to form basic potassium oxide, which dissolves in water to form potassium hydroxide (alkali)

4K(s) + O2(g) → 2K_2O(s)

K_2O(s) + H_2O(l) → 2KOH(aq)

Q4

Activity3 Question Combustion of Magnesium Place a moist…


📝 Question:

Activity-3 Question (Combustion of Magnesium): Place a moist litmus paper (blue and red separately) near the white smoke seen on burning magnesium ribbon and test its nature. The white smoke is of magnesium oxide. Is it acidic or basic?

💡 Solution:

Magnesium burns brightly in air to form magnesium oxide (MgO). When dissolved in water, it forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). Moist red litmus paper turns blue, while blue litmus paper remains unchanged. This proves that magnesium oxide is basic in nature.

2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

MgO(s) + H_2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq)

Q5

Section 921 Box Questions Page 141142


📝 Question:

Section 9.2.1 Box Questions (Page 141/142)

💡 Solution:

(i) Why do metals lose their luster when left in the open?**

(ii) Why are gold and silver used in making ornaments and jewellery?

(iii) Write the balanced chemical equations of the reactions of lead, magnesium, and aluminium metals with oxygen.

(i) ?

(iii) , ,

  • (i) Metals lose their luster when exposed to moist air because they react slowly with atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, and hydrogen sulfide to form a thin dull layer of oxides, carbonates, or sulfides on their surface.
  • (ii) Gold and silver are used for jewellery because
  1. They have brilliant metallic luster and pleasing shine.
  2. They lie at the bottom of the activity series (unreactive) and do not tarnish or corrode in air, water, or acids.
  3. They possess high malleability and ductility, allowing delicate designs.
  • (iii) Balanced Equations with Oxygen:
  • Lead: 2Pb(s) + O2(g) → 2PbO(s)
  • Magnesium: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
  • Aluminium: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al_2O3(s)
  • (i) , , , ,
  • (ii)
  • (iii) :

Q6

Section 923 Box Questions Page 143


📝 Question:

Section 9.2.3 Box Questions (Page 143)

💡 Solution:

(i) Write the balanced chemical equations for the given reactions:**

  • (a) Reaction of calcium with water
  • (b) Reaction of iron with steam

(ii) What gas is formed when aluminium metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid? Write the equation for the reaction.

(iii) What is aqua regia?

(i) :

  • (a)
  • (b)

(iii) ?

  • (i) Balanced Equations:
  • (a) Ca(s) + 2H_2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)↑
  • (b) 2Fe(s) + 3H_2O(g) → Fe_2O3(s) + 3H2(g)↑
  • (ii) Reaction of Aluminium with dilute HCl:
  • Gas evolved: Hydrogen gas (H2).
  • Equation: 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)↑
  • (iii) Aqua Regia:
  • Aqua regia (Royal water) is a freshly prepared corrosive mixture of concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and concentrated Nitric acid (HNO3) in the ratio of 3:1 by volume.
  • It is capable of dissolving noble metals like gold and platinum, which do not dissolve in single concentrated acids.
  • (i) :
  • (ii) HCl :
  • (iii) :

Q7

Section 941 InText Question Chhattisgarh has high quantities…


📝 Question:

Section 9.4.1 In-Text Question: Chhattisgarh has high quantities of iron ores; find out the methods used in concentration of these ores

💡 Solution:

In Chhattisgarh, the primary iron ore found is Hematite (Fe_2O3) (located in Dantewada, Bastar, Kanker, Kabirdham, etc.).

  • The method used for concentrating hematite iron ore is the Gravity Separation Method (hydraulic washing).
  • Crushed ore is subjected to a running stream of water on sloping perforated tables. Heavier iron ore particles settle down, while lighter earthy impurities (gangue/silica) get washed away.

Q8

Section 943 Box Questions Page 148


📝 Question:

Section 9.4.3 Box Questions (Page 148)

💡 Solution:

(i) Write the names and chemical formulae of oxide ores of iron.**

(ii) How are sulphide ores concentrated?

(iii) Na, K and Ca metals are obtained from their compounds using electrolysis, why?

(i)

(iii) Na, K Ca , ?

  • (i) Oxide ores of iron:
  1. Hematite: Fe_2O3
  2. Magnetite: Fe_3O4
  • (ii) Concentration of Sulphide Ores:
  • Sulphide ores are concentrated using the Froth Floatation Process.
  • Powdered ore is mixed with water and pine oil in a tank. Compressed air is blown to produce foam. Sulphide ore particles are wetted by pine oil and stick to air bubbles, floating to the surface as froth, while gangue particles settle down.
  • (iii) Electrolysis for Na, K, Ca:
  • Na, K, and Ca are highly electropositive metals placed at the top of the activity series. They have a stronger affinity for oxygen than carbon does, so their oxides cannot be reduced by carbon or chemical reducing agents. Hence, they are extracted by electrolysis of their molten chloride or hydroxide salts.
  • (i) :
  • (ii) :
  • (iii) Na, K, Ca :

Q9

Activity4 Questions Electrolytic Refining of Copper Take two…


📝 Question:

Activity-4 Questions (Electrolytic Refining of Copper): Take two copper wires (thick and thin). Connect thick wire to positive terminal (anode) and thin wire to negative terminal (cathode) in copper sulphate solution

💡 Solution:

(i) Did copper go from one electrode to the other?**

(ii) On which electrode did the amount of copper reduce and on which did it increase?

(i) ?

  • (i) Yes, copper metal dissolves from the positive electrode (anode) into the electrolyte solution as Cu2+ ions and gets deposited as pure copper onto the negative electrode (cathode).
  • (ii)
  • Amount reduced: Positive electrode / Anode (thick wire).
  • Amount increased: Negative electrode / Cathode (thin wire).
  • (i) , Cu2+
  • (ii)

Q10

Section 951 Box Questions Page 150


📝 Question:

Section 9.5.1 Box Questions (Page 150)

💡 Solution:

(i) Which reactions are helpful in maintaining high temperatures within the blast furnace?**

(ii) Which compound is used as flux in the blast furnace during extraction of iron metal?

(i) ?

  • (i) High Temperature Reactions in Blast Furnace:

The combustion of coke in oxygen produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in strongly exothermic reactions, producing temperatures up to 1800°C

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat

2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) + Heat

Additionally, the exothermic reduction of hematite by carbon monoxide maintains furnace heat

Fe_2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) + Heat

  • (ii) Flux used in Blast Furnace:

Limestone, Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), decomposes to form Calcium Oxide (CaO), which acts as the basic flux to remove acidic silica impurities (SiO2) as slag (CaSiO3)

CaCO3 → [Δ] CaO (Flux) + CO2↑

CaO (Flux) + SiO2 (Gangue) → CaSiO3 (Slag)

  • (i) :
  • (ii) :

Q11

Activity6 Questions Barrier Selection for Corrosion Make a…


📝 Question:

Activity-6 Questions (Barrier Selection for Corrosion): Make a list of iron objects at home/school coated with paint vs grease. List the basis of selection

💡 Solution:

Painted Objects:** Window grills, iron doors, school gates, steel almirahs, bicycles.

  • Greased Objects: Bicycle chains, machine gears, door hinges, vehicle axle bearings.
  • Basis of Selection:
  • Paint is selected for stationary external surfaces exposed to weather where long-term dry aesthetic coating is required.
  • Grease/Oil is selected for moving/friction mechanical parts where paint would peel off due to continuous movement and where lubrication is simultaneously needed.

Q12

Section 97 Box Questions Page 153154


📝 Question:

Section 9.7 Box Questions (Page 153/154)

💡 Solution:

(i) How will the rate of corrosion be affected in water that has a high concentration of salts?**

(ii) Why do we make alloys?

(iii) What is galvanization?

(i) , ?

(iii) ?

  • (i) High salt concentration increases the rate of corrosion (rusting) significantly because dissolved salts act as electrolytes, increasing the electrical conductivity of water and facilitating rapid electron transfer in electrochemical cells formed on the metal surface.
  • (ii) Reasons for making alloys:
  1. To increase hardness and mechanical strength (e.g., pure iron is soft, adding carbon creates hard steel).
  2. To prevent corrosion and rusting (e.g., adding chromium and nickel to iron forms stainless steel).
  3. To lower the melting point (e.g., solder alloy of Pb-Sn).
  4. To improve casting ability and aesthetic appearance.
  • (iii) Galvanization:
  • Galvanization is the process of applying a thin protective coating of Zinc metal over iron or steel objects to prevent rusting.
  • Even if the zinc coating gets scratched, zinc corrodes preferentially (sacrificial protection) because it is more reactive than iron.
  • (i) ,
  • (ii) :
  • (iii) :

Part 2

End-of-Chapter Exercise Solutions

Q1

Choose the correct option


📝 Question:

Choose the correct option

💡 Solution:

(i) Which among the following metals is most reactive:**

  • (a) Mg
  • (b) Al
  • (c) Na
  • (d) Zn

(c) Na

Explanation: Sodium (Na) lies near the top of the metal activity series, above Mg, Al, and Zn, making it the most reactive among the given choices.

(ii) The formula of bauxite ore is:

  • (a) MgCO3
  • (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O
  • (c) Fe_2O3
  • (d) SnO2

Answer: (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O

Explanation: Bauxite is the primary hydrated oxide ore of aluminium with formula Al_2O3 · 2H_2O.

: (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O

(iii) Which method among the following is used in concentration of iron pyrite:

  • (a) Magnetic separation
  • (b) Gravity separation
  • (c) Froth floatation
  • (d) Electrolysis

Answer: (c) Froth floatation

Explanation: Iron pyrite (FeS2) is a sulfide ore, and sulfide ores are concentrated using the froth floatation process.

(iv) Calcium silicate is:

  • (a) Alloy
  • (b) Gangue
  • (c) Slag
  • (d) Flux

Answer: (c) Slag

Explanation: Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) is formed when calcium oxide flux combines with silica impurity in the blast furnace, forming a molten fusible waste product called slag.

(v) The constituent metals in stainless steel are:

  • (a) Copper, zinc and tin
  • (b) Iron, chromium and nickel
  • (c) Copper, iron and zinc
  • (d) Iron, tin and aluminium

Answer: (b) Iron, chromium and nickel

Explanation: Stainless steel is an alloy composed mainly of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr ≈ 11.5\%), nickel (Ni ≈ 2\%), and traces of carbon.

Q2

Fill in the blanks


📝 Question:

Fill in the blanks

💡 Solution:

(i) The process of removal of a less active metal from its salt solution by a more reactive metal is known as …………….. (displacement / precipitation) reaction.**

(ii) The primary iron ore found in Chhattisgarh is ……………….. (hematite / magnetite).

(iii) Alloys are a ……………………. (homogeneous / heterogeneous) mixture of two or more metal or metals and non-metals.

(iv) The process of heating an ore at a temperature a little below its melting point in the absence of oxygen is called …………………… (roasting / calcination).

  • (i) displacement
  • (ii) hematite
  • (iii) homogeneous
  • (iv) calcination

Q3

Explain the following terms


📝 Question:

Explain the following terms

💡 Solution:

(i) Ore**

(ii) Mineral

(iii) Slag

(iv) Flux

(i) (Ore)

(iii) (Slag)

  • (ii) Mineral: Inorganic chemical elements or compounds occurring naturally in the Earth’s crust with fixed chemical compositions and physical properties are called minerals.
  • (iv) Flux: A chemical substance added to roasted ore during smelting to react with non-fusible gangue impurities and convert them into a fusible slag is called flux (e.g., Limestone CaCO3 / CaO).
  • (i) (Ore): ,
  • (ii) (Mineral): , ,
  • (iii) (Slag): ,
  • (iv) (Flux):

Q4

Write the balanced chemical equations for the given…


📝 Question:

Write the balanced chemical equations for the given reactions

💡 Solution:

(i) Reaction of aluminium metal with steam.**

(ii) Reaction of zinc oxide with sodium hydroxide.

(iii) Reaction when calcium carbonate is heated.

(iv) Reaction of oxygen with sodium.

(i)

(iii)

  • (i) Aluminium with Steam:

2Al(s) + 3H_2O(g) → Al_2O3(s) + 3H2(g)↑

  • (ii) Zinc Oxide with Sodium Hydroxide (Amphoteric nature):

ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na_2ZnO2(aq) + H_2O(l)

(Product: Sodium Zincate)

  • (iii) Thermal decomposition of Calcium Carbonate:

CaCO3(s) → [Δ] CaO(s) + CO2(g)↑

  • (iv) Reaction of Sodium with Oxygen:

4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na_2O(s)

  • (i) :
  • (ii) :
  • (iii) :
  • (iv) :

Q5

Explain the process of reduction of metal from…


📝 Question:

Explain the process of reduction of metal from a metal oxide

💡 Solution:

The process of obtaining free metal from its concentrated metal oxide is called reduction. The method chosen depends on the chemical reactivity of the metal

  1. Carbon Reduction Method (Smelting):
  • Medium reactive metals (like Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn) are reduced by heating their oxides with coke (carbon) or carbon monoxide at high temperatures (700°C-1800°C) in furnaces

ZnO + C → [Δ] Zn + CO↑

Fe_2O3 + 3CO → [Δ] 2Fe + 3CO2↑

  1. Chemical Displacement Reduction:
  • Metals can be reduced from their salt solutions or oxides using a more reactive metal (e.g., Al or Fe displacement)

CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu

  1. Electrolytic Reduction:
  • Highly reactive metals (Na, K, Ca, Al) cannot be reduced by carbon. Their molten salts are subjected to electrolysis, where pure metal ions reduce at the cathode

At Cathode: Mn+ + ne^- → M(s)

Q6

Discuss the different methods used to prevent corrosion


📝 Question:

Discuss the different methods used to prevent corrosion

💡 Solution:

Corrosion can be prevented by isolating the metal surface from moisture and oxygen

  1. Barrier Protection:
  • Applying a coat of paint, grease, oil, or varnish over the metal surface to block contact with air and moisture.
  1. Galvanization (Sacrificial Protection):
  • Coating iron objects with a thin layer of Zinc metal. Zinc reacts more readily with oxygen to form a protective layer of ZnO, protecting the underlying iron.
  1. Electroplating:
  • Depositing a layer of non-corrosive metal like chromium, nickel, or tin over iron using electric current.
  1. Alloying:
  • Mixing iron with chromium and nickel forms stainless steel, which does not rust.
  1. Anti-rust Chemical Solutions:
  • Applying basic phosphate or chromate solutions to form rust-resistant surface films.

Q7

In the purification of a metal M what…


📝 Question:

In the purification of a metal (M), what all will act as anode, cathode and electrolyte? Explain with an example

💡 Solution:

For the electrolytic refining of a metal M

  • Anode (Positive Electrode): A thick block/rod of the Impure metal M.
  • Cathode (Negative Electrode): A thin sheet/rod of pure Metal M.
  • Electrolyte: An aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the same Metal M (acidified if necessary).
  • Example: Electrolytic Refining of Copper (Cu):
  • Anode: Impure copper block.
  • Cathode: Pure copper strip.
  • Electrolyte: Acidified Copper Sulphate solution (CuSO4 + dil. H_2SO4).
  • Reaction at Anode (Oxidation): Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e^
  • Reaction at Cathode (Reduction): Cu2+(aq) + 2e^- → Cu(s)
  • Insoluble impurities settle below the anode as Anode Mud.

Q8

Explain the following techniques used in concentration of…


📝 Question:

Explain the following techniques used in concentration of ore

💡 Solution:

(i) Gravity separation method**

(ii) Froth flotation method

(iii) Magnetic separation method

(i)

(iii)

  • (i) Gravity Separation Method:
  • Principle: Based on the difference in specific gravities (densities) of ore and gangue particles.
  • Process: Finely powdered ore is placed on an inclined vibrating table and washed with a strong stream of running water. Heavy ore particles settle in grooves, while lighter gangue particles get washed away (used for carbonate and oxide ores like Hematite Fe_2O3).
  • (ii) Froth Flotation Method:
  • Principle: Based on preferential wetting characteristics (ore particles are wetted by oil, gangue by water).
  • Process: Powdered sulphide ore is mixed with water and pine oil in a tank. Compressed air is blown to produce froth. Sulphide ore particles attach to air bubbles and float as froth to the top, while gangue settles (used for sulphide ores like ZnS, CuFeS2).
  • (iii) Magnetic Separation Method:
  • Principle: Based on magnetic properties of either the ore or gangue impurities.
  • Process: Powdered ore is passed over a conveyor belt running over magnetic rollers. Magnetic particles stick near the roller and drop into one bin, while non-magnetic particles fly off into a separate bin (used for separating magnetic impurities from Tin ore SnO2).
  • (i) :
  • (ii) :
  • (iii) :

Q9

Discuss the extraction of iron from hematite as…


📝 Question:

Discuss the extraction of iron from hematite as per the following steps

💡 Solution:

(i) Concentration of ore**

(ii) Reduction of oxide to metal (along with chemical equation)

(iii) Diagram of blast furnace

(i)

(iii)

  • (i) Concentration of Ore:
  • Hematite (Fe_2O3) is crushed and concentrated using the Gravity Separation Method to wash away lighter silica impurities.
  • It is then roasted in air to remove volatile impurities like sulfur and arsenic as oxides (S + O2 → SO2↑, 4As + 3O2 → 2As_2O3↑).
  • (ii) Reduction of Oxide to Metal (in Blast Furnace):
  • Concentrated ore, limestone (CaCO3), and coke (C) are fed from the top of the Blast Furnace while hot air is blown from the bottom.
  • Reactions in different temperature zones:
  1. Combustion Zone (400°C-900°C): C + O2 → CO2, CO2 + C → 2CO
  2. Reduction Zone (400°C-900°C): Fe_2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2↑
  3. Slag Formation Zone (900°C-1200°C): CaCO3 → CaO + CO2↑, CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 (Slag)
  4. Molten iron collects at the bottom as Pig iron.
  • (iii) Blast Furnace Structure Scheme:
  • Cylindrical steel tower lined with fireproof refractory bricks, featuring top cup-cone feeder, waste gas exit, hot air tuyeres, upper slag tap, and lower molten iron tap.
  • (i) :
  • (ii) :
  • (iii) :

Q10

Explain the electrochemical principle behind corrosion


📝 Question:

Explain the electrochemical principle behind corrosion

💡 Solution:

Rusting of iron is an electrochemical phenomenon. When iron is exposed to moist air containing O2 and CO2, tiny electrochemical cells form on its surface

  1. Anode Region:
  • Pure iron acts as the anode, losing electrons and oxidizing to Fe2+ ions

Anode: Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e^

  1. Cathode Region:
  • Electrons travel through the metal to another region with higher oxygen concentration (cathode), where water and dissolved oxygen accept electrons

Cathode: 2H_2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e^- → 4OH^-(aq)

  1. Rust Formation:
  • Fe2+ ions combine with OH^- ions to form ferrous hydroxide, which further oxidizes in atmospheric oxygen to form hydrated ferric oxide (Rust)

Fe2+ + 2OH^- → Fe(OH)2(s)

2Fe(OH)2(s) + 1/2O2(g) + xH_2O(l) → Fe_2O3 · xH_2O(s) (Rust)

Q11

Give reasons for


📝 Question:

Give reasons for

💡 Solution:

(i) Gold, silver and platinum are used in making jewelry.**

(ii) Sodium, potassium and lithium metals are stored under kerosene.

(iii) Although aluminium is an active metal it is still used to prepare cooking utensils.

(iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are converted into their oxides for extraction of metal.

(i) ,

(iii)

  • (i) Gold, silver, and platinum possess brilliant luster, high malleability/ductility, and lie at the bottom of the activity series (unreactive), meaning they do not tarnish or corrode in air, water, or acids.
  • (ii) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are highly reactive alkali metals. They react violently and exothermically with atmospheric oxygen and moisture at room temperature, catching fire. Storing them under non-reactive kerosene prevents air contact.
  • (iii) Aluminium rapidly forms a tough, thin, protective transparent oxide layer (Al_2O3) on its surface when exposed to air. This non-porous layer prevents further corrosion. Additionally, aluminium is lightweight, durable, and an excellent thermal conductor.
  • (iv) It is chemically much easier to reduce a metal oxide to free metal using carbon or carbon monoxide than it is to reduce metal carbonates or sulphides directly.
  • (i) , , ,
  • (ii) ,
  • (iii) (Al_2O3) ,
  • (iv)


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