CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
- Chapter 9: Metals and Metallurgy (धातु एवं धातुकर्म)
- CGBSE Board Weightage: 5 Marks (10 Academic Periods)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
Activity1 Questions Physical Properties of Metals
गतिविधि1 प्रश्न धातुओं के भौतिक गुण ii क्या…
(i) Do all metals have luster?**
(ii) Can all metals be beaten into thin sheets or foils?
(iii) Ponder Questions:
- The wires in different electrical appliances are made of which metal or metals?
- Which metal is used in household wiring?
- Which metal is used to make high tension wires?
- Which metals are used to make cooking utensils and why?
(i) ?
(iii) :
- (i) Most metals possess a shiny metallic surface when freshly cut or cleaned (metallic luster). However, when left exposed to air, reactive metals react with atmospheric gases and moisture, forming oxide or carbonate coatings that dull their shine.
- (ii) No, all metals cannot be beaten into thin sheets to the same extent. Gold, silver, aluminium, and iron have high malleability, whereas metals like zinc are brittle at room temperature and crumble upon hammering.
- (iii) Ponder Answers:
- Appliance wires: Copper and aluminium.
- Household wiring: Copper (due to high electrical conductivity and ductility).
- High tension wires: Aluminium (due to light weight, good electrical conductivity, and cost-effectiveness).
- Cooking utensils: Aluminium, copper, and iron (because they are good thermal conductors, have high melting points, and are malleable).
- (i) , ,
- (ii) , , , ,
- (iii) :
Activity2 Displacement Reaction Questions
गतिविधि2 एवं विस्थापन अभिक्रिया संबंधी प्रश्न ii क्या…
(i) Can you tell why copper is displaced when we add zinc pieces to copper sulphate solution, but zinc is not displaced when we add copper turnings to zinc sulphate solution?**
(ii) Did you notice any change in the appearance of the metals or the solutions in test tubes A to F?
(iii) Is any precipitate being formed?
(iv) Can you tell which metal is displacing another metal from its salt solution?
(i) , ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Zinc is more reactive than copper (placed higher in the metal activity series). Therefore, zinc easily displaces copper from copper sulphate solution (Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu). Conversely, copper is less reactive than zinc, so it cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.
- (ii) Yes
- In Test Tube A (CuSO4 + Fe), the blue solution turns light green (FeSO4) and reddish-brown copper deposits on iron nails.
- In Test Tube B (CuSO4 + Zn), the blue color fades to colorless (ZnSO4) with reddish-brown copper deposit.
- In Test Tube D (ZnSO4 + Mg), magnesium displaces zinc.
- In Test Tube E (FeSO4 + Zn), zinc displaces iron.
- No changes occur in C (ZnSO4 + Cu) and F (NaCl + Zn).
- (iii) Reddish-brown or dark metal solids are deposited at the bottom or on the metal surface.
- (iv) Iron displaces copper, zinc displaces copper and iron, and magnesium displaces zinc.
- (i) (Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu) ,
- (ii)
- (iii) – /
- (iv) , ,
Section 921 InText Reaction Question Write the balanced…
अनुभाग 921 पाठ्यनिहित अभिक्रिया प्रश्न पोटैशियम की ऑक्सीजन…
Potassium reacts vigorously with oxygen at room temperature to form basic potassium oxide, which dissolves in water to form potassium hydroxide (alkali)
4K(s) + O2(g) → 2K_2O(s)
K_2O(s) + H_2O(l) → 2KOH(aq)
Activity3 Question Combustion of Magnesium Place a moist…
गतिविधि3 प्रश्न मैग्नीशियम का दहन मैग्नीशियम फीते को…
Magnesium burns brightly in air to form magnesium oxide (MgO). When dissolved in water, it forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). Moist red litmus paper turns blue, while blue litmus paper remains unchanged. This proves that magnesium oxide is basic in nature.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
MgO(s) + H_2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq)
Section 921 Box Questions Page 141142
अनुभाग 921 बॉक्स प्रश्न पृष्ठ 141142 ii आभूषण…
(i) Why do metals lose their luster when left in the open?**
(ii) Why are gold and silver used in making ornaments and jewellery?
(iii) Write the balanced chemical equations of the reactions of lead, magnesium, and aluminium metals with oxygen.
(i) ?
(iii) , ,
- (i) Metals lose their luster when exposed to moist air because they react slowly with atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, and hydrogen sulfide to form a thin dull layer of oxides, carbonates, or sulfides on their surface.
- (ii) Gold and silver are used for jewellery because
- They have brilliant metallic luster and pleasing shine.
- They lie at the bottom of the activity series (unreactive) and do not tarnish or corrode in air, water, or acids.
- They possess high malleability and ductility, allowing delicate designs.
- (iii) Balanced Equations with Oxygen:
- Lead: 2Pb(s) + O2(g) → 2PbO(s)
- Magnesium: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
- Aluminium: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al_2O3(s)
- (i) , , , ,
- (ii)
- (iii) :
Section 923 Box Questions Page 143
अनुभाग 923 बॉक्स प्रश्न पृष्ठ 143 ii जब…
(i) Write the balanced chemical equations for the given reactions:**
- (a) Reaction of calcium with water
- (b) Reaction of iron with steam
(ii) What gas is formed when aluminium metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid? Write the equation for the reaction.
(iii) What is aqua regia?
(i) :
- (a)
- (b)
(iii) ?
- (i) Balanced Equations:
- (a) Ca(s) + 2H_2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)↑
- (b) 2Fe(s) + 3H_2O(g) → Fe_2O3(s) + 3H2(g)↑
- (ii) Reaction of Aluminium with dilute HCl:
- Gas evolved: Hydrogen gas (H2).
- Equation: 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)↑
- (iii) Aqua Regia:
- Aqua regia (Royal water) is a freshly prepared corrosive mixture of concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and concentrated Nitric acid (HNO3) in the ratio of 3:1 by volume.
- It is capable of dissolving noble metals like gold and platinum, which do not dissolve in single concentrated acids.
- (i) :
- (ii) HCl :
- (iii) :
Section 941 InText Question Chhattisgarh has high quantities…
अनुभाग 941 पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न छत्तीसगढ़ में प्रचुर मात्रा…
In Chhattisgarh, the primary iron ore found is Hematite (Fe_2O3) (located in Dantewada, Bastar, Kanker, Kabirdham, etc.).
- The method used for concentrating hematite iron ore is the Gravity Separation Method (hydraulic washing).
- Crushed ore is subjected to a running stream of water on sloping perforated tables. Heavier iron ore particles settle down, while lighter earthy impurities (gangue/silica) get washed away.
Section 943 Box Questions Page 148
अनुभाग 943 बॉक्स प्रश्न पृष्ठ 148 ii सल्फाइड…
(i) Write the names and chemical formulae of oxide ores of iron.**
(ii) How are sulphide ores concentrated?
(iii) Na, K and Ca metals are obtained from their compounds using electrolysis, why?
(i)
(iii) Na, K Ca , ?
- (i) Oxide ores of iron:
- Hematite: Fe_2O3
- Magnetite: Fe_3O4
- (ii) Concentration of Sulphide Ores:
- Sulphide ores are concentrated using the Froth Floatation Process.
- Powdered ore is mixed with water and pine oil in a tank. Compressed air is blown to produce foam. Sulphide ore particles are wetted by pine oil and stick to air bubbles, floating to the surface as froth, while gangue particles settle down.
- (iii) Electrolysis for Na, K, Ca:
- Na, K, and Ca are highly electropositive metals placed at the top of the activity series. They have a stronger affinity for oxygen than carbon does, so their oxides cannot be reduced by carbon or chemical reducing agents. Hence, they are extracted by electrolysis of their molten chloride or hydroxide salts.
- (i) :
- (ii) :
- (iii) Na, K, Ca :
Activity4 Questions Electrolytic Refining of Copper Take two…
गतिविधि4 प्रश्न तांबे का विद्युत अपघटनी शोधन ii…
(i) Did copper go from one electrode to the other?**
(ii) On which electrode did the amount of copper reduce and on which did it increase?
(i) ?
- (i) Yes, copper metal dissolves from the positive electrode (anode) into the electrolyte solution as Cu2+ ions and gets deposited as pure copper onto the negative electrode (cathode).
- (ii)
- Amount reduced: Positive electrode / Anode (thick wire).
- Amount increased: Negative electrode / Cathode (thin wire).
- (i) , Cu2+
- (ii)
Section 951 Box Questions Page 150
अनुभाग 951 बॉक्स प्रश्न पृष्ठ 150 ii लोहा…
(i) Which reactions are helpful in maintaining high temperatures within the blast furnace?**
(ii) Which compound is used as flux in the blast furnace during extraction of iron metal?
(i) ?
- (i) High Temperature Reactions in Blast Furnace:
The combustion of coke in oxygen produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in strongly exothermic reactions, producing temperatures up to 1800°C
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) + Heat
Additionally, the exothermic reduction of hematite by carbon monoxide maintains furnace heat
Fe_2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) + Heat
- (ii) Flux used in Blast Furnace:
Limestone, Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), decomposes to form Calcium Oxide (CaO), which acts as the basic flux to remove acidic silica impurities (SiO2) as slag (CaSiO3)
CaCO3 → [Δ] CaO (Flux) + CO2↑
CaO (Flux) + SiO2 (Gangue) → CaSiO3 (Slag)
- (i) :
- (ii) :
Activity6 Questions Barrier Selection for Corrosion Make a…
गतिविधि6 प्रश्न संक्षारण रोधक का चयन घरस्कूल में…
Painted Objects:** Window grills, iron doors, school gates, steel almirahs, bicycles.
- Greased Objects: Bicycle chains, machine gears, door hinges, vehicle axle bearings.
- Basis of Selection:
- Paint is selected for stationary external surfaces exposed to weather where long-term dry aesthetic coating is required.
- Grease/Oil is selected for moving/friction mechanical parts where paint would peel off due to continuous movement and where lubrication is simultaneously needed.
Section 97 Box Questions Page 153154
अनुभाग 97 बॉक्स प्रश्न पृष्ठ 153154 ii हम…
(i) How will the rate of corrosion be affected in water that has a high concentration of salts?**
(ii) Why do we make alloys?
(iii) What is galvanization?
(i) , ?
(iii) ?
- (i) High salt concentration increases the rate of corrosion (rusting) significantly because dissolved salts act as electrolytes, increasing the electrical conductivity of water and facilitating rapid electron transfer in electrochemical cells formed on the metal surface.
- (ii) Reasons for making alloys:
- To increase hardness and mechanical strength (e.g., pure iron is soft, adding carbon creates hard steel).
- To prevent corrosion and rusting (e.g., adding chromium and nickel to iron forms stainless steel).
- To lower the melting point (e.g., solder alloy of Pb-Sn).
- To improve casting ability and aesthetic appearance.
- (iii) Galvanization:
- Galvanization is the process of applying a thin protective coating of Zinc metal over iron or steel objects to prevent rusting.
- Even if the zinc coating gets scratched, zinc corrodes preferentially (sacrificial protection) because it is more reactive than iron.
- (i) ,
- (ii) :
- (iii) :
Choose the correct option
Choose the correct option
(i) Which among the following metals is most reactive:**
- (a) Mg
- (b) Al
- (c) Na
- (d) Zn
(c) Na
Explanation: Sodium (Na) lies near the top of the metal activity series, above Mg, Al, and Zn, making it the most reactive among the given choices.
(ii) The formula of bauxite ore is:
- (a) MgCO3
- (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O
- (c) Fe_2O3
- (d) SnO2
Answer: (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O
Explanation: Bauxite is the primary hydrated oxide ore of aluminium with formula Al_2O3 · 2H_2O.
: (b) Al_2O3 · 2H_2O
(iii) Which method among the following is used in concentration of iron pyrite:
- (a) Magnetic separation
- (b) Gravity separation
- (c) Froth floatation
- (d) Electrolysis
Answer: (c) Froth floatation
Explanation: Iron pyrite (FeS2) is a sulfide ore, and sulfide ores are concentrated using the froth floatation process.
(iv) Calcium silicate is:
- (a) Alloy
- (b) Gangue
- (c) Slag
- (d) Flux
Answer: (c) Slag
Explanation: Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) is formed when calcium oxide flux combines with silica impurity in the blast furnace, forming a molten fusible waste product called slag.
(v) The constituent metals in stainless steel are:
- (a) Copper, zinc and tin
- (b) Iron, chromium and nickel
- (c) Copper, iron and zinc
- (d) Iron, tin and aluminium
Answer: (b) Iron, chromium and nickel
Explanation: Stainless steel is an alloy composed mainly of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr ≈ 11.5\%), nickel (Ni ≈ 2\%), and traces of carbon.
Fill in the blanks
Fill in the blanks
(i) The process of removal of a less active metal from its salt solution by a more reactive metal is known as …………….. (displacement / precipitation) reaction.**
(ii) The primary iron ore found in Chhattisgarh is ……………….. (hematite / magnetite).
(iii) Alloys are a ……………………. (homogeneous / heterogeneous) mixture of two or more metal or metals and non-metals.
(iv) The process of heating an ore at a temperature a little below its melting point in the absence of oxygen is called …………………… (roasting / calcination).
- (i) displacement
- (ii) hematite
- (iii) homogeneous
- (iv) calcination
Explain the following terms
निम्नलिखित की व्याख्या कीजिए ii खनिज Mineral iv…
(i) Ore**
(ii) Mineral
(iii) Slag
(iv) Flux
(i) (Ore)
(iii) (Slag)
- (ii) Mineral: Inorganic chemical elements or compounds occurring naturally in the Earth’s crust with fixed chemical compositions and physical properties are called minerals.
- (iv) Flux: A chemical substance added to roasted ore during smelting to react with non-fusible gangue impurities and convert them into a fusible slag is called flux (e.g., Limestone CaCO3 / CaO).
- (i) (Ore): ,
- (ii) (Mineral): , ,
- (iii) (Slag): ,
- (iv) (Flux):
Write the balanced chemical equations for the given…
दी गई अभिक्रियाओं के लिए संतुलित रासायनिक समीकरण…
(i) Reaction of aluminium metal with steam.**
(ii) Reaction of zinc oxide with sodium hydroxide.
(iii) Reaction when calcium carbonate is heated.
(iv) Reaction of oxygen with sodium.
(i)
(iii)
- (i) Aluminium with Steam:
2Al(s) + 3H_2O(g) → Al_2O3(s) + 3H2(g)↑
- (ii) Zinc Oxide with Sodium Hydroxide (Amphoteric nature):
ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na_2ZnO2(aq) + H_2O(l)
(Product: Sodium Zincate)
- (iii) Thermal decomposition of Calcium Carbonate:
CaCO3(s) → [Δ] CaO(s) + CO2(g)↑
- (iv) Reaction of Sodium with Oxygen:
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na_2O(s)
- (i) :
- (ii) :
- (iii) :
- (iv) :
Explain the process of reduction of metal from…
धातु ऑक्साइड से धातु के अपचयन की प्रक्रिया…
The process of obtaining free metal from its concentrated metal oxide is called reduction. The method chosen depends on the chemical reactivity of the metal
- Carbon Reduction Method (Smelting):
- Medium reactive metals (like Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn) are reduced by heating their oxides with coke (carbon) or carbon monoxide at high temperatures (700°C-1800°C) in furnaces
ZnO + C → [Δ] Zn + CO↑
Fe_2O3 + 3CO → [Δ] 2Fe + 3CO2↑
- Chemical Displacement Reduction:
- Metals can be reduced from their salt solutions or oxides using a more reactive metal (e.g., Al or Fe displacement)
CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
- Electrolytic Reduction:
- Highly reactive metals (Na, K, Ca, Al) cannot be reduced by carbon. Their molten salts are subjected to electrolysis, where pure metal ions reduce at the cathode
At Cathode: Mn+ + ne^- → M(s)
Discuss the different methods used to prevent corrosion
संक्षारण को रोकने की विभिन्न विधियों की चर्चा…
Corrosion can be prevented by isolating the metal surface from moisture and oxygen
- Barrier Protection:
- Applying a coat of paint, grease, oil, or varnish over the metal surface to block contact with air and moisture.
- Galvanization (Sacrificial Protection):
- Coating iron objects with a thin layer of Zinc metal. Zinc reacts more readily with oxygen to form a protective layer of ZnO, protecting the underlying iron.
- Electroplating:
- Depositing a layer of non-corrosive metal like chromium, nickel, or tin over iron using electric current.
- Alloying:
- Mixing iron with chromium and nickel forms stainless steel, which does not rust.
- Anti-rust Chemical Solutions:
- Applying basic phosphate or chromate solutions to form rust-resistant surface films.
In the purification of a metal M what…
किसी धातु M के शोधन में एनोड कैथोड…
For the electrolytic refining of a metal M
- Anode (Positive Electrode): A thick block/rod of the Impure metal M.
- Cathode (Negative Electrode): A thin sheet/rod of pure Metal M.
- Electrolyte: An aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the same Metal M (acidified if necessary).
- Example: Electrolytic Refining of Copper (Cu):
- Anode: Impure copper block.
- Cathode: Pure copper strip.
- Electrolyte: Acidified Copper Sulphate solution (CuSO4 + dil. H_2SO4).
- Reaction at Anode (Oxidation): Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e^
- Reaction at Cathode (Reduction): Cu2+(aq) + 2e^- → Cu(s)
- Insoluble impurities settle below the anode as Anode Mud.
Explain the following techniques used in concentration of…
अयस्क के सांद्रण में उपयोग की जाने वाली…
(i) Gravity separation method**
(ii) Froth flotation method
(iii) Magnetic separation method
(i)
(iii)
- (i) Gravity Separation Method:
- Principle: Based on the difference in specific gravities (densities) of ore and gangue particles.
- Process: Finely powdered ore is placed on an inclined vibrating table and washed with a strong stream of running water. Heavy ore particles settle in grooves, while lighter gangue particles get washed away (used for carbonate and oxide ores like Hematite Fe_2O3).
- (ii) Froth Flotation Method:
- Principle: Based on preferential wetting characteristics (ore particles are wetted by oil, gangue by water).
- Process: Powdered sulphide ore is mixed with water and pine oil in a tank. Compressed air is blown to produce froth. Sulphide ore particles attach to air bubbles and float as froth to the top, while gangue settles (used for sulphide ores like ZnS, CuFeS2).
- (iii) Magnetic Separation Method:
- Principle: Based on magnetic properties of either the ore or gangue impurities.
- Process: Powdered ore is passed over a conveyor belt running over magnetic rollers. Magnetic particles stick near the roller and drop into one bin, while non-magnetic particles fly off into a separate bin (used for separating magnetic impurities from Tin ore SnO2).
- (i) :
- (ii) :
- (iii) :
Discuss the extraction of iron from hematite as…
हेमेटाइट से लोहे के निष्कर्षण की चर्चा निम्नलिखित…
(i) Concentration of ore**
(ii) Reduction of oxide to metal (along with chemical equation)
(iii) Diagram of blast furnace
(i)
(iii)
- (i) Concentration of Ore:
- Hematite (Fe_2O3) is crushed and concentrated using the Gravity Separation Method to wash away lighter silica impurities.
- It is then roasted in air to remove volatile impurities like sulfur and arsenic as oxides (S + O2 → SO2↑, 4As + 3O2 → 2As_2O3↑).
- (ii) Reduction of Oxide to Metal (in Blast Furnace):
- Concentrated ore, limestone (CaCO3), and coke (C) are fed from the top of the Blast Furnace while hot air is blown from the bottom.
- Reactions in different temperature zones:
- Combustion Zone (400°C-900°C): C + O2 → CO2, CO2 + C → 2CO
- Reduction Zone (400°C-900°C): Fe_2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2↑
- Slag Formation Zone (900°C-1200°C): CaCO3 → CaO + CO2↑, CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 (Slag)
- Molten iron collects at the bottom as Pig iron.
- (iii) Blast Furnace Structure Scheme:
- Cylindrical steel tower lined with fireproof refractory bricks, featuring top cup-cone feeder, waste gas exit, hot air tuyeres, upper slag tap, and lower molten iron tap.
- (i) :
- (ii) :
- (iii) :
Explain the electrochemical principle behind corrosion
संक्षारण के पीछे के विद्युत रासायनिक सिद्धांत को…
Rusting of iron is an electrochemical phenomenon. When iron is exposed to moist air containing O2 and CO2, tiny electrochemical cells form on its surface
- Anode Region:
- Pure iron acts as the anode, losing electrons and oxidizing to Fe2+ ions
Anode: Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e^
- Cathode Region:
- Electrons travel through the metal to another region with higher oxygen concentration (cathode), where water and dissolved oxygen accept electrons
Cathode: 2H_2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e^- → 4OH^-(aq)
- Rust Formation:
- Fe2+ ions combine with OH^- ions to form ferrous hydroxide, which further oxidizes in atmospheric oxygen to form hydrated ferric oxide (Rust)
Fe2+ + 2OH^- → Fe(OH)2(s)
2Fe(OH)2(s) + 1/2O2(g) + xH_2O(l) → Fe_2O3 · xH_2O(s) (Rust)
Give reasons for
कारण बताइए ii सोडियम पोटैशियम और लिथियम धातुओं…
(i) Gold, silver and platinum are used in making jewelry.**
(ii) Sodium, potassium and lithium metals are stored under kerosene.
(iii) Although aluminium is an active metal it is still used to prepare cooking utensils.
(iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are converted into their oxides for extraction of metal.
(i) ,
(iii)
- (i) Gold, silver, and platinum possess brilliant luster, high malleability/ductility, and lie at the bottom of the activity series (unreactive), meaning they do not tarnish or corrode in air, water, or acids.
- (ii) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are highly reactive alkali metals. They react violently and exothermically with atmospheric oxygen and moisture at room temperature, catching fire. Storing them under non-reactive kerosene prevents air contact.
- (iii) Aluminium rapidly forms a tough, thin, protective transparent oxide layer (Al_2O3) on its surface when exposed to air. This non-porous layer prevents further corrosion. Additionally, aluminium is lightweight, durable, and an excellent thermal conductor.
- (iv) It is chemically much easier to reduce a metal oxide to free metal using carbon or carbon monoxide than it is to reduce metal carbonates or sulphides directly.
- (i) , , ,
- (ii) ,
- (iii) (Al_2O3) ,
- (iv)