CG Board Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Solutions: Evolution (जीवों का विकास) (2026-27)

CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
  • Chapter 1: Evolution (जीवों का विकास)
  • CGBSE Board Weightage: 4 Marks (6 Academic Periods)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)

Activity-1 Reference: Homologous Characters in Plants and Animals (समजात लक्षण)

In Activity-1 (Page 6-7) of the CG SCERT Class 10 Science textbook, homologous organs in plants (stems modified into stolon in strawberry, tendrils in passion flower, tuber in potato, and thorns in lemon) and animals (forelimbs of bird, bat, dolphin, seal, dog, sheep, human, and mole rat containing humerus, radius, and ulna) are illustrated below:

Figure 8a Homologous characters in plant stems CG SCERT Class 10 Science
Figure-8(a): Homologous characters in plants (Stolon, Tendril, Tuber, Thorn – all modified stems)
Figure 8b Homologous characters in animal forelimbs CG SCERT Class 10 Science
Figure-8(b): Homologous characters in animals (Forelimbs of Bird, Bat, Dolphin, Seal, Dog, Sheep, Human, Mole rat)

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Part 1

In-Text & Activity Questions

Q1

Think how this may have happened Dinosaurs became…


📝 Question:

Think how this may have happened? (Dinosaurs became extinct while species like Gingko, ferns, algae, rats, and cockroaches survived)

💡 Solution:

Dinosaurs could not adapt to the drastic environmental changes over time, leading to their extinction. In contrast, species like Gingko, ferns, algae, and cockroaches possessed advantageous variations and physiological adaptations that allowed them to survive changing natural conditions.

Q2

When dinosaurs were abundant on earth do you…


📝 Question:

When dinosaurs were abundant on earth, do you think there were enough resources in the habitat for their survival?

💡 Solution:

Yes, during the era of dinosaurs, food and habitat resources were plentiful, supporting a diverse variety of giant herbivores, carnivores, and associated flora and fauna.

Q3

Would their population increase if resources were adequate


📝 Question:

Would their population increase if resources were adequate?

💡 Solution:

Yes, when habitat resources like food, space, and safety are adequate, organisms reproduce at a rapid rate, leading to an increase in their population size.

Q4

You have read about the food chain What…


📝 Question:

You have read about the food chain. What will happen if any organism of a food chain vanishes?

💡 Solution:

If any organism in a food chain vanishes, the ecological balance is disrupted. Predators depending on that organism face food scarcity, while the population of organisms it used to feed upon may increase uncontrollably.

Q5

What do you think may be the cause…


📝 Question:

What do you think may be the cause for the rapid decline in the number of tigers? Does the increase in human population have any role?

💡 Solution:

The primary cause is the destruction and shrinkage of natural habitats. Human population growth leads to deforestation, encroachment, and resource depletion, directly causing a rapid decline in tiger populations.

Q6

What will happen if the population of a…


📝 Question:

What will happen if the population of a certain species of organism increases unusually?

💡 Solution:

An unusual increase in population leads to severe competition for limited food and habitat resources. This scarcity eventually halts population growth or causes a sharp decline due to starvation and natural regulation.

Q7

Is the rate of population growth of a…


📝 Question:

Is the rate of population growth of a species similar to the rate of the growth of food and other abiotic resources?

💡 Solution:

No, population grows at a geometric/uncontrolled rate, whereas food and abiotic resources increase at a much slower arithmetic rate, as shown in Thomas Malthus’s studies.

Q8

Is the rate of population growth and that…


📝 Question:

Is the rate of population growth and that of food resource same? (Figure-2 Graph Analysis)

💡 Solution:

No, the rate of population growth is much faster and steeper compared to the gradual increase in food resources.

Q9

Which graph shows growth at a faster rate…


📝 Question:

Which graph shows growth at a faster rate? (Figure-2 Graph Analysis)

💡 Solution:

The graph representing population growth shows a much faster rate of increase than the graph for food resources.

Q10

Do organisms that survive have some special abilities


📝 Question:

Do organisms that survive have some special abilities?

💡 Solution:

Yes, surviving organisms possess advantageous variations and adaptive traits that make them better suited to cope with geographical, climatic, and resource challenges in their environment.

Q11

Does nature have any influence on the number…


📝 Question:

Does nature have any influence on the number of organisms?

💡 Solution:

Yes, nature exerts strong control over population size through natural selection, limited food supplies, climate changes, natural disasters, and predator-prey dynamics.

Q12

Could declining amount of resources in habitat be…


📝 Question:

Could declining amount of resources in habitat be a cause for extinction of dinosaurs?

💡 Solution:

Yes, a decline in habitat resources along with environmental changes created intense competition, and giant dinosaurs could not get sufficient food and space, contributing to their extinction.

Q13

What do you think fossils help us to…


📝 Question:

What do you think fossils help us to study about?

💡 Solution:

Fossils provide direct evidence of ancient life, showing mutual relationships between extinct and modern organisms, structural changes over geological time, and past environmental conditions.

Q14

What type of selection is selective breeding by…


📝 Question:

What type of selection is selective breeding by humans called?

💡 Solution:

Selective breeding performed by humans to obtain organisms with desired traits is called Artificial Selection.

Q15

What do we understand about natural selection by…


📝 Question:

What do we understand about natural selection by doing the project work?

💡 Solution:

Natural selection is a continuous, non-intentional process where nature selects organisms bearing advantageous variations suited for survival in changing environments.

Q16

Is natural selection an intentional process of selection…


📝 Question:

Is natural selection an intentional process of selection by nature as in artificial selection?

💡 Solution:

No, natural selection occurs spontaneously and non-intentionally due to environmental factors, unlike artificial selection which is consciously driven by human choice.

Q17

Activity2 Observe the figure Radish field affected by…


📝 Question:

Activity-2: Observe the figure (Radish field affected by floods) and suggest the type of selection process shown here. Justify your answer

💡 Solution:

This represents Natural Selection. The flood acts as a natural calamity that eliminates weaker or vulnerable radish plants, leaving only surviving plants to reproduce and pass on traits.

Q18

Could the extinction of dinosaurs be due to…


📝 Question:

Could the extinction of dinosaurs be due to the evolution of population of organisms having more advantageous variations? What is your opinion about this?

💡 Solution:

Yes, as smaller mammals and birds evolved with traits better suited for energy efficiency and adapting to climate changes, they outcompeted giant dinosaurs for resources.

Q19

Were dinosaurs not well adapted to the changing…


📝 Question:

Were dinosaurs not well adapted to the changing conditions of environment that they could not survive and became extinct?

💡 Solution:

Yes, sudden and massive environmental shifts reduced resource availability, and giant dinosaurs lacked the adaptive variations needed to survive, leading to extinction.

Q20

How do you think the fishes of Kotumsar…


📝 Question:

How do you think the fishes of Kotumsar caves adapt to the environment of the cave?

💡 Solution:

Kotumsar cave fishes adapted to perpetual darkness through structural variations over generations: their eyes became non-functional/blind or vestigial, while their tactile and sensory organs heightened.

Part 2

End-of-Chapter Exercise Solutions

Q1

Choose the correct answer


📝 Question:

Choose the correct answer

💡 Solution:

(i) Name the process through which modern breed of pet dog was acquired:**

  • (a) Natural selection
  • (b) Artificial selection
  • (c) Juvenile selection
  • (d) Work selection

(b) Artificial selection

Explanation: Humans selectively bred dogs with desired traits over generations, which is artificial selection.

(ii) Forelimbs of dog and sheep are for walking, whale for swimming and that of bat for flying. All these are examples of:

  • (a) Analogous
  • (b) Homologous
  • (c) Undeveloped organ
  • (d) All above

Answer: (b) Homologous

Explanation: These organs share a common internal skeletal origin (humerus, radius, ulna) but perform different functions.

(iii) Which of the following are analogous structures:

  • (a) Wings of bat and butterfly
  • (b) Gills of prawn and fish
  • (c) Thorns of bougainvillea and tendrils of bottle gourd
  • (d) Wings of bat and legs of horse

Answer: (a) Wings of bat and butterfly

Explanation: Wings of bats (skin folds over bones) and butterflies (skin folds) perform the same function (flying) but have different structural origins.

(iv) While proposing his theory, Darwin was influenced by:

  • (a) The observations of his voyage
  • (b) Cell theory
  • (c) Law of genetics of Mendel
  • (d) None of the above

Answer: (a) The observations of his voyage

Explanation: Darwin’s 5-year voyage on HMS Beagle provided crucial empirical evidence regarding biodiversity, fossils, and island variations.

Q2

Fill in the blanks


📝 Question:

Fill in the blanks

💡 Solution:

(i) A group of organisms which can interbreed sexually producing viable off-springs is known as …………………………**

Biological Species

(ii) Difference among beaks of finches show the ………………….. among them.

Variation

(iii) Some bacteria can grow in the medium containing streptomycin (antibiotic). The reason behind this is ………………………

Beneficial variation / Antibiotic resistance

Q3

CaseParagraphBased Questions Bacterial Evolution Antibiotic Resistance Read the…


📝 Question:

Case/Paragraph-Based Questions (Bacterial Evolution & Antibiotic Resistance) Read the passage in textbook regarding intestinal bacteria reproducing every 20 minutes and developing variations. Answer the following: **(a) Justify that natural selection is responsible for evolution among bacterial population

💡 Solution:

When antibiotics are administered, non-resistant bacteria die, while bacteria possessing pre-existing resistant variations survive, reproduce rapidly, and dominate the population. Nature selects the resistant strain.

Variations arise during the process of rapid asexual reproduction / cell division.

Variation provides survival advantages during environmental changes. In bacteria, variations allow certain individuals to survive antibiotic exposure, ensuring population survival and evolution.

  • Slow Evolution: Evolution of horses or humans over millions of years.
  • Fast Evolution: Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria within days/weeks.

Yes, bacteria with advantageous variations adapt better to the presence of antibiotics, survive, and form an antibiotic-resistant population.

Q4

Write two differences between natural and artificial selection


📝 Question:

Write two differences between natural and artificial selection

💡 Solution:

FeatureNatural SelectionArtificial Selection
PurposeNon-intentional; enhances survival in nature.Intentional; yields human-preferred traits.

Q5

What do we come to know from the…


📝 Question:

What do we come to know from the theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin and Wallace?

💡 Solution:

  1. All existing organisms originated from pre-existing common ancestors through gradual modification.
  2. Natural selection spontaneously selects advantageous variations, creating diverse new species over time.

Q6

What are the main points of the theory…


📝 Question:

What are the main points of the theory of evolution of organisms?

💡 Solution:

  1. Variations: Differences exist within every population.
  2. Struggle for Existence: Rapid population growth causes competition for limited resources.
  3. Survival of the Fittest & Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce.
  4. Speciation: Accumulation of variations over generations leads to new species.

Q7

What is the role of selection and adaptation…


📝 Question:

What is the role of selection and adaptation in the process of evolution?

💡 Solution:

Adaptation enables organisms to fit into their changing environment. Natural selection identifies and preserves these adapted organisms, allowing them to pass beneficial traits to offspring, driving evolution.

Q8

Observe the figure Pitcher leaf pea tendril bougainvillea…


📝 Question:

Observe the figure (Pitcher leaf, pea tendril, bougainvillea bract, cactus spines) and say whether it represents homologous or analogous structures? Justify your answer

💡 Solution:

These represent Homologous Structures.

Justification: All these organs are modified leaves sharing the same ancestral origin, but they perform different specialized functions (pitcher for catching insects, tendril for climbing, bract for attracting pollinators, spines for protection).

Q9

Evolutionary Tree FigureBased Questions


📝 Question:

Evolutionary Tree Figure-Based Questions

💡 Solution:

(i) Observe the branched tree of evolution given in the figure and find out the closest relative of humans.**

Chimpanzee.

(ii) Write the names of two organisms that show maximum similarity and two that show maximum differences.

  • Maximum Similarity: Rat and Mouse (or Chimpanzee and Human).
  • Maximum Difference: Platypus and Human (or Platypus and Cow).

(iii) What do you understand from the figure about evolution of organisms shown there? Write a brief description.

The tree illustrates common ancestry among mammals. Species closer on branches share a more recent common ancestor, while diverged branches show adaptation into distinct lineages over time.


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