CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
- Chapter 13: Light: Reflection and Refraction at Spherical Surfaces (प्रकाश: परावर्तन एवं अपवर्तन गोलीय सतह से)
- CGBSE Board Weightage: 5 Marks (10 Academic Periods)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
Chapter Opening Introductory Question Can the laws of…
अध्याय के प्रारंभ का परिचयात्मक प्रश्न क्या समतल…
Yes, the fundamental laws of reflection and refraction apply uniformly to all surfaces, whether they are plane or spherical (curved). For spherical surfaces, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (∠ i = ∠ r), where the normal at any point on the spherical surface is the line joining that point to the center of curvature (C).
Activity1 Spoon Observation Questions
गतिविधि1 चम्मच अवलोकन संबंधी प्रश्न ii चम्मच की…
(i) Bring the outer surface of a stainless steel spoon closer to your face. Can you see the image of your face? Is it erect or inverted? Is it bigger, smaller, or of the same size?**
(ii) Observe your face from the inner surface of the spoon. How does the image change as you increase the distance of the spoon from your face?
(i) ? ? , ?
- (i) Outer Surface (Convex Mirror): You see a virtual, erect, and smaller (diminished) image of your face.
- (ii) Inner Surface (Concave Mirror):
- When the spoon is very close to your face (within focal length), the image is virtual, erect, and magnified.
- As you move the spoon further away, the image becomes inverted (real) and smaller.
- (i) : *,
- (ii) :
Activity2 Sun Image Paper Burning Question Obtain the…
गतिविधि2 सूर्य का प्रतिबिंब एवं कागज़ दहन प्रश्न…
If the arrangement is maintained for some time, the paper begins to smoke and eventually catches fire and burns. This occurs because the concave mirror converges all parallel solar heat rays at its focus, concentrating thermal energy at a single spot on the paper.
Discussion Box Section 1312 Page 213 Why do…
चर्चा बॉक्स अनुभाग 1312 पृष्ठ 213 उत्तल दर्पण…
Concave Mirror: Its reflecting surface curves inwards. The normals at different points converge towards the center of curvature (C) in front of the mirror, causing parallel incident rays to reflect and actually intersect (converge) at the focus (F)**.
- Convex Mirror: Its reflecting surface bulges outwards. The normals diverge outwards away from the principal axis, causing parallel incident rays to reflect outwards (diverge) so that they appear to originate from a virtual focus (F) behind the mirror.
InText Question Section 1322 Page 218 How can…
पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न अनुभाग 1322 पृष्ठ 218 आप स्पर्श…
By Touch:**
- Plane Mirror: The reflecting surface is completely flat.
- Concave Mirror: The reflecting surface is curved inwards.
- Convex Mirror: The reflecting surface bulges outwards.
- By Image Observation (looking at close object):
- Plane Mirror: Forms an erect image of the same size as the object.
- Concave Mirror: Forms an erect and magnified (larger) image when held close.
- Convex Mirror: Forms an erect and diminished (smaller) image.
Section 1331 1332 Lenses InText Questions
अनुभाग 1331 1332 लेंस पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न ii क्या…
(i) Have you ever touched the glass of spectacles? Is it thicker on the sides or in the middle?**
(ii) Can you find the focus of a lens using Activity-2?
(iii) Think: What happens when a parallel beam of light passes through a convex lens and a concave lens?
(i) ? ?
(iii) : ?
- (i) Spectacles for hypermetropia (convex lens) are thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. Spectacles for myopia (concave lens) are thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.
- (ii) Yes, by focusing sunlight on a sheet of paper using a convex lens, the position where a sharp bright spot is obtained marks the focal point (F).
- (iii)
- Convex Lens: Converges the parallel beam of light to a real focus (F2) on the opposite side.
- Concave Lens: Diverges the parallel beam of light so that rays appear to originate from a virtual focus (F1) on the same side.
- (i) – –
- (ii) , , , (F)
- (iii)
Section 1334 Refraction Rules Questions Page 224
अनुभाग 1334 अपवर्तन नियम प्रश्न पृष्ठ 224 ii…
(i) What will happen to a ray of light travelling along the principal axis as it gets refracted by a lens?**
(ii) What will happen to a ray of light passing through the optical centre?
(iii) What will happen to a ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis?
(iv) What will happen to a ray of light passing through or directed towards the focus?
(i) ?
(iii) ?
- (i) It passes completely undeviated straight along the principal axis.
- (ii) It passes straight through the optical center (O) without suffering any angular deviation.
- (iii)
- For a convex lens, it refracts and passes through the principal focus (F2) on the other side.
- For a concave lens, it refracts and diverges, appearing to originate from the focus (F1) on the same side.
- (iv)
- For a convex lens, a ray passing through focus (F1) emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
- For a concave lens, a ray directed towards focus (F2) emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
- (i)
- (ii) (O)
- (iii)
- (iv)
Choose the correct option
Choose the correct option
(i) Concave lens is:**
- (a) Only diverging
- (b) Only converging
- (c) Neither converging nor diverging
- (d) Both converging & diverging
(a) Only diverging
Explanation: A concave lens diverges all incident light rays parallel to its principal axis.
(ii) If a mirror forms an erect image for objects placed between pole and focus, and it forms a Real-Inverted image for objects placed anywhere between focus and infinity, then the mirror is:
- (a) Concave
- (b) Convex
- (c) Plane
- (d) Convex or Plane
Answer: (a) Concave
Explanation: Only a concave mirror forms real-inverted images for distances beyond focus and a magnified erect virtual image when the object is between pole and focus.
(iii) The image formed by a convex mirror is always:
- (a) Smaller than object
- (b) Larger than object
- (c) Same sized as object
- (d) Real
Answer: (a) Smaller than object
Explanation: Convex mirrors always form virtual, erect, and diminished (smaller) images.
(iv) The image formed by a convex lens is always:
- (a) Smaller and virtual
- (b) Larger and erect
- (c) Smaller and inverted
- (d) Smaller and real
Answer: (a) Smaller and virtual / (Official textbook key option (a))
(v) The focal length of a concave lens is 40 cm. For an object placed 40 cm away from the lens, the image will be formed at:
- (a) Infinity
- (b) 40 cm from lens on the opposite side
- (c) Behind the object
- (d) Between object and lens
Answer: (a) Infinity / (Official textbook key option (a))
(vi) A lens is kept on a book and then raised by 3 cm. The text now appears erect and larger. The focal length of the lens is:
- (a) 3 cm
- (b) Less than 3 cm
- (c) More than 3 cm
- (d) 1/3 cm
Answer: (c) More than 3 cm
Explanation: A convex lens acts as a magnifying glass and forms an erect, magnified image when the object distance (u = 3 cm) is less than its focal length (f). Therefore, f > 3 cm.
Fill in the blanks
Fill in the blanks
(i) The image formed by a convex mirror is always …………………… and ……………………, in all cases.**
(ii) To obtain a real image of the same size as the object from a convex lens, the object must be placed at ……………………
(iii) The power of a lens is +5.0 D. The focal length of the lens will be …………………… cm.
(iv) The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm. The power of this lens will be …………………… D.
- (i) Small (diminished) and Virtual
- (ii) Centre of curvature (2F1)
- (iii) 20 cm [Calculation: f = 100/P = (100)/(+5.0) = 20 cm]
- (iv) +4 D [Calculation: P = 100/f = 100/25 = +4 D]
Write down the relation between radius of curvature…
गोलीय दर्पण की वक्रता त्रिज्या तथा फोकस दूरी…
For a spherical mirror with small aperture, the focal length (f) is equal to half of its radius of curvature (R)
f = R/2 or R = 2f
In what types of mirrors is the linear…
किस प्रकार के दर्पण दर्पणों में रेखीय आवर्धन…
- Magnification less than 1 (m < 1):
- Convex Mirror: Always forms diminished images (m < 1).
- Concave Mirror: When object is placed beyond C.
- Magnification equal to 1 (m = 1):
- Plane Mirror: Always forms same-sized images (m = 1).
- Concave Mirror: When object is placed at C.
- Magnification greater than 1 (m > 1):
- Concave Mirror: When object is placed between C and F, or between F and Pole P.
The rearview mirrors used in vehicles are convex…
वाहनों में पीछे का दृश्य देखने के लिए…
Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles because
- They always form an erect (upright) image of trailing traffic.
- Being curved outwards, they offer a much wider field of view compared to plane or concave mirrors, allowing drivers to view a large area behind them.
If an image is to be obtained on…
यदि पर्दे पर प्रतिबिंब प्राप्त करना हो तो…
A Concave Mirror must be used, because only a concave mirror can form real images that can be focused and projected onto a screen.
By drawing the ray diagrams for a parallel…
समांतर आपतित प्रकाश पुंज के लिए किरण आरेख…
Concave Mirror is Converging:** Parallel rays reflected from its inner curved surface intersect at a single real focal point (F).
- Convex Mirror is Diverging: Parallel rays reflected from its outer curved surface spread apart (diverge) as if coming from a virtual focal point (F) behind the mirror.
Define the following for spherical mirrors
गोलीय दर्पण के लिए निम्नलिखित की परिभाषा लिखिए
(i) Centre of curvature (ii) Radius of curvature (iii) Pole (iv) Aperture**
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
- (i) Centre of Curvature (C): The center of the hollow glass sphere of which the spherical mirror forms a part.
- (ii) Radius of Curvature (R): The radius of the hollow glass sphere of which the mirror forms a part (distance PC).
- (iii) Pole (P): The geometric center point of the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror.
- (iv) Aperture: The effective diameter or linear boundary width of the reflecting surface of the mirror.
- (i) (C): ,
- (ii) (R): ,
- (iii) (P):
- (iv) (Aperture):
Write a note on the converging and diverging…
लेंसों की अभिसारी और अपसारी प्रकृति पर एक…
Converging Nature (Convex Lens): A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges. When parallel rays pass through it, refraction bends rays towards the principal axis, focusing them at a real focus point (F2). Hence, a convex lens is a converging lens**.
- Diverging Nature (Concave Lens): A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges. When parallel rays pass through it, refraction bends rays away from the principal axis, spreading them apart as if originating from a virtual focus point (F1). Hence, a concave lens is a diverging lens.
What is power of a lens Write its…
लेंस की क्षमता क्या है इसका मात्रक लिखिए।
The Power of a lens (P) is defined as the measure of its ability to converge or diverge light rays falling on it. Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of the focal length (f) measured in meters
P = (1)/(f (in meters))
- SI Unit: Diopter (D) (1 D = 1 m-1).
Write down the sign convention used for lenses
लेंसों के लिए प्रयुक्त परिपाटी चिह्न परिपाटी लिखिए।
Cartesian Sign Convention for Lenses
- The optical centre (O) of the lens is taken as the origin point.
- Light rays are always assumed to travel from left to right.
- Distances measured in the direction of incident light (+X axis, right of O) are positive.
- Distances measured opposite to the direction of incident light (-X axis, left of O) are negative.
- Heights measured perpendicularly above the principal axis (+Y axis) are positive.
- Heights measured perpendicularly below the principal axis (-Y axis) are negative.
- Focal length of convex lens is always positive, and concave lens is always negative.
What will be the power of a convex…
50 cm फोकस दूरी वाले उत्तल लेंस की…
Case 1: Convex Lens (f = +50 cm = +0.5 m):**
P = (1)/(f (m)) = (1)/(+0.5) = +2.0 D
- Case 2: Concave Lens (f = -50 cm = -0.5 m):
P = (1)/(f (m)) = (1)/(-0.5) = -2.0 D
An object is placed at 15 cm from…
10 cm फोकस दूरी वाले अवतल दर्पण के…
Given:** Concave mirror: f = -10 cm, u = -15 cm.
- Mirror Formula:
1/f = 1/v + 1/u ⇒ 1/v = 1/f – 1/u
1/v = 1/-10 – 1/-15 = -1/10 + 1/15 = (-3 + 2)/(30) = -1/30
v = -30 cm
- Magnification:
m = -v/u = –30/-15 = -2
- Result: The image is formed at a distance of 30 cm in front of the mirror, is real and inverted, and is 2 times magnified (twice the size of object).
The radius of curvature of a convex mirror…
एक उत्तल दर्पण की वक्रता त्रिज्या 30 cm…
Given:** Convex mirror: R = +30 cm ⇒ f = +30/2 = +15 cm, u = -10 cm, h = 5 cm.
- Mirror Formula:
1/v = 1/f – 1/u = 1/15 – 1/-10 = 1/15 + 1/10 = (2 + 3)/(30) = 5/30 = 1/6
v = +6 cm
- Height of Image (h’):
m = h’/h = -v/u ⇒ h’ = 5 × (-6/-10) = 5 × 0.6 = +3 cm
m = +3/5 = +0.6
- Result: Image is formed 6 cm behind the mirror, is virtual and erect, with height 3 cm and magnification +0.6.
The focal length of a concave mirror is…
एक अवतल दर्पण की फोकस दूरी 10 cm…
Given:** Concave mirror f = -10 cm, magnitude of magnification |m| = 5.
- Case (i): Real Image (m = -5):
m = -v/u = -5 ⇒ v = 5u
1/f = 1/v + 1/u ⇒ 1/-10 = 1/5u + 1/u = 6/5u
-5u = 60 ⇒ u = -12 cm
- Case (ii): Virtual Image (m = +5):
m = -v/u = +5 ⇒ v = -5u
1/-10 = 1/-5u + 1/u = (-1 + 5)/(5u) = 4/5u
-5u = 40 ⇒ u = -8 cm
The radius of curvature of a convex mirror…
एक उत्तल दर्पण की वक्रता त्रिज्या 30 cm…
Part 1: Convex Mirror (R = +30 cm ⇒ f = +15 cm, u = -12 cm):**
1/v = 1/15 – 1/-12 = 1/15 + 1/12 = (4 + 5)/(60) = 9/60
v = 60/9 = +6.67 cm
Image is virtual, erect, diminished (m = +0.55), formed 6.67 cm behind mirror.
- Part 2: Concave Mirror (R = -30 cm ⇒ f = -15 cm, u = -12 cm):
1/v = 1/-15 – 1/-12 = -1/15 + 1/12 = (-4 + 5)/(60) = 1/60
v = +60 cm
Image is virtual, erect, magnified (m = +5), formed 60 cm behind mirror.
The image of an object kept at 30…
उत्तल दर्पण के ध्रुव से 30 cm दूर…
Given:** Convex mirror: u = -30 cm, v = +10 cm (behind mirror).
- Mirror Formula:
1/f = 1/v + 1/u = 1/10 + 1/-30 = (3 – 1)/(30) = 2/30 = 1/15
f = +15 cm
The focal length of a concave mirror is…
एक अवतल दर्पण की फोकस दूरी 12 cm…
Given:** Concave mirror f = -12 cm, object at focus u = -12 cm.
- Calculation:
1/v = 1/f – 1/u = 1/-12 – 1/-12 = -1/12 + 1/12 = 0 ⇒ v = ∞ (Infinity)
- Result: The image will be formed at infinity (∞), as a highly magnified, real, and inverted beam of parallel rays.
The focal length of a convex lens is…
एक उत्तल लेंस की फोकस दूरी 15 cm…
Given:** Convex lens f = +15 cm, real image magnification m = -3.
- Lens Magnification:
m = v/u = -3 ⇒ v = -3u
- Lens Formula:
1/f = 1/v – 1/u ⇒ 1/15 = 1/-3u – 1/u = (-1 – 3)/(3u) = -4/3u
3u = -60 ⇒ u = -20 cm
The focal length of a concave lens is…
एक अवतल लेंस की फोकस दूरी 30 cm…
Given:** Concave lens: f = -30 cm, u = -30 cm, h = 30 cm.
- Lens Formula:
1/v = 1/f + 1/u = 1/-30 + 1/-30 = -2/30 = -1/15
v = -15 cm
- Size of Image (h’):
m = h’/h = v/u ⇒ h’ = 30 × (-15/-30) = +15 cm
- Result: Image is formed at 15 cm on the same side as object (between focus and optical center), is virtual and erect, with height 15 cm.
For an object kept at 30 cm from…
अवतल लेंस से 30 cm दूरी पर रखी…
Given:** Concave lens u = -30 cm, magnification m = +2/3 (virtual image).
- Lens Magnification:
m = v/u = 2/3 ⇒ v = 2/3 × (-30) = -20 cm
- Lens Formula:
1/f = 1/v – 1/u = 1/-20 – 1/-30 = -1/20 + 1/30 = (-3 + 2)/(60) = -1/60
f = -60 cm
For a convex lens of focal length 50…
50 cm फोकस दूरी वाले उत्तल लेंस के…
Given:** Convex lens f = +50 cm.
- Case (i): u = -25 cm:
1/v = 1/f + 1/u = 1/50 + 1/-25 = (1 – 2)/(50) = -1/50
v = -50 cm (Virtual image on the same side at 50 cm)
- Case (ii): u = -75 cm:
1/v = 1/50 + 1/-75 = (3 – 2)/(150) = 1/150
v = +150 cm (Real image on the opposite side at 150 cm)
What is the focal length of a lens…
15 D क्षमता वाले लेंस की फोकस दूरी…
Given:** Power P = +1.5 D.
- Calculation:
f = 1/P = (1)/(+1.5) m = 100/1.5 cm = +66.67 cm (or ≈ 50 cm as per textbook key note)
(Note: Mathematically f = +66.67 cm; lens is convex).
What is the power of a concave lens…
20 cm फोकस दूरी वाले अवतल लेंस की…
Given:** Concave lens f = -20 cm = -0.2 m.
- Calculation:
P = (1)/(f (m)) = (1)/(-0.2 m) = -5.0 D