CG Board Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Solutions: Derivatives of Hydrocarbons (हाइड्रोकार्बन के व्युत्पन्न) (2026-27)

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CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
  • Chapter 16: Derivatives of Hydrocarbons (हाइड्रोकार्बन के व्युत्पन्न)
  • CGBSE Board Weightage: 4 Marks (9 Academic Periods)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
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Part 1

In-Text & Activity Questions

Q1

Section 160 Functional Groups Box Questions Page 272…


📝 Question:

Section 16.0 Functional Groups Box Questions (Page 272): 1. Identify and write the names of the functional groups in the following compounds: C_3H_7OH, C_4H_9Cl, CH_3CHO, C_5H11COOH 2. Write the names of the compounds formed by joining -OH functional group to ethyl and propyl groups respectively. 3. Name the compounds formed when -Br and -COOH are added to methyl groups. **4. Draw the electron dot structures of NaOH and CH_3OH. What is the type of bond joining Na^+ and -OH in NaOH and that between -CH3 and -OH?

💡 Solution:

  1. Functional Groups Identification:
  • C_3H_7OH: Alcohol / Hydroxyl group (-OH)
  • C_4H_9Cl: Halo / Chloro group (-Cl)
  • CH_3CHO: Aldehyde group (-CHO)
  • C_5H11COOH: Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
  1. Compounds formed with -OH:
  • Ethyl group (-C_2H5) + -OH → Ethanol / Ethyl alcohol (C_2H_5OH)
  • Propyl group (-C_3H7) + -OH → Propanol / Propyl alcohol (C_3H_7OH)
  1. Compounds formed with Methyl group (-CH3):
  • Methyl group + -Br → Bromomethane / Methyl bromide (CH_3Br)
  • Methyl group + -COOH → Ethanoic acid / Acetic acid (CH_3COOH)
  1. Bond Types & Nature:
  • In NaOH, the bond between Na^+ and OH^- is an Ionic bond (Electrovalent bond).
  • In CH_3OH, the bond between -CH3 and -OH is a Covalent bond (electron sharing).

Q2

Activity1 Litmus Test pH Observation Table Page 273…


📝 Question:

Activity-1 Litmus Test & pH Observation Table (Page 273): Test sodium hydroxide solution and methyl alcohol with red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, and universal indicator

💡 Solution:

SubstanceEffect on red litmus paperEffect on blue litmus paperpH according to universal indicatorNature
Methyl alcohol (CH_3OH)No EffectNo EffectpH ≈ 7 (Green)Neutral / Weakly Acidic

Q3

Table3 Completion Isomer Structures Question Page 273274


📝 Question:

Table-3 Completion & Isomer Structures Question (Page 273-274)

💡 Solution:

(i) Complete Table-3 for Propane and Butanol.**

(ii) Are the four structures shown (A, B, C, D of C_5H12O) same or different? Name the compounds.

(i) -3

  • (i) Completed Table-3:
  • Parent Hydrocarbon: Propane → IUPAC Name: Propanol → Formula: CH_3CH_2CH_2OH (C_3H_7OH)
  • Parent Hydrocarbon: Butane → IUPAC Name: Butanol → Formula: CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH (C_4H_9OH)
  • (ii) Structures Comparison:

All four structures have the same molecular formula (C_5H12O) but different structural formulae. Hence, they are different structural isomers

  • Structure A: Pentan-2-ol (Positional isomer)
  • Structure B: 3-Methylbutan-2-ol / 2-Methylbutan-1-ol (Chain isomer)
  • Structure C: Pentan-3-ol (Positional isomer)
  • Structure D: 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol (Chain isomer)
  • (i) -3:
  • (ii) :

Q4

Section 1611 Alcohol Nomenclature Box Questions Page 274…


📝 Question:

Section 16.1.1 Alcohol Nomenclature Box Questions (Page 274): 1. Write the names of two compounds having hydroxyl group and two having hydroxide group. 2. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound (2-methylbutan-1-ol). 3. Write the structural formula of 2-methylpropan-1-ol. **4. Write the structural formulae of all possible isomers of C_3H_8O

💡 Solution:

  1. Compounds:
  • Hydroxyl group (-OH covalent): Methanol (CH_3OH), Ethanol (C_2H_5OH)
  • Hydroxide group (OH^- ionic): Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  1. IUPAC Name: 2-Methylbutan-1-ol
  2. Structural Formula of 2-Methylpropan-1-ol:

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-OH

  1. Isomers of C_3H_8O:
  • Propan-1-ol: CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
  • Propan-2-ol: CH3-CH(OH)-CH3
  • Methoxyethane (Ether isomer): CH3-O-CH2-CH3

Q5

Section 1613 InText Question on Magnesium Reaction Page…


📝 Question:

Section 16.1.3 In-Text Question on Magnesium Reaction (Page 276): What will happen when ethanol reacts with magnesium? Write the chemical equation

💡 Solution:

When ethanol reacts with highly reactive magnesium metal, magnesium ethoxide salt is formed and hydrogen gas (H2) is evolved with effervescence

2C_2H_5OH + Mg → (C_2H_5O)_2Mg + H2↑

Q6

Section 1614 Molasses Alcohol Box Questions Page 277…


📝 Question:

Section 16.1.4 Molasses & Alcohol Box Questions (Page 277): 1. What are molasses? 2. What will happen when: (a) Ethanol is heated in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. **(b) Yeast is added to molasses

💡 Solution:

  1. Molasses: During the manufacture of sugar from sugarcane juice, after separating sucrose crystals by crystallization, the remaining dark, thick, viscous syrupy liquid containing 30-40% un-crystallized sugar is called molasses.
  2. Reactions:
  • (a) Dehydration: When ethanol is heated at 443 K (170°C) with excess concentrated H_2SO4, it undergoes dehydration to produce ethene gas (C_2H4) and water

C_2H_5OH → [Conc. H_2SO4 / 443 K] CH2=CH2 + H_2O

  • (b) Fermentation: When yeast is added to diluted molasses at 25-30°C, the enzymes Invertase and Zymase ferment sucrose into glucose/fructose and then into ethanol (C_2H_5OH) with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas

C12H22O11 + H_2O → [Invertase] C_6H12O6 + C_6H12O6

C_6H12O6 → [Zymase] 2C_2H_5OH + 2CO2↑

Q7

Section 1621 Alkanoic Acids Table4 Box Questions Page…


📝 Question:

Section 16.2.1 Alkanoic Acids Table-4 & Box Questions (Page 278)

💡 Solution:

(i) Complete Table-4 for Ethane, Propane, and Butanoic acid.**

(ii) Are structures A (butanoic acid) and B (2-methylpropanoic acid) chain isomers or positional isomers?

(iii) Write the structures of all possible isomers of C_4H_8O2.

(iv) What is the IUPAC name of formic acid?

(i) , -4

(iii) C_4H_8O2

  • (i) Completed Table-4:
  • Ethane → Ethanoic acid → CH_3COOH
  • Propane → Propanoic acid → C_2H_5COOH
  • Butane → Butanoic acid → C_3H_7COOH
  • (ii) Isomer Type: They differ in carbon chain arrangement, so they are Chain Isomers.
  • (iii) Isomers of C_4H_8O2:
  1. Butanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
  2. 2-Methylpropanoic acid: CH3-CH(CH3)-COOH
  • (iv) IUPAC Name of Formic acid (HCOOH): Methanoic acid
  • (i) -4:
  • (ii) : (Chain isomers)
  • (iii) C_4H_8O2 :
  • (iv) (HCOOH) IUPAC : (Methanoic acid)

Q8

Section 1623 Acids Chemical Reactions InText Questions Page…


📝 Question:

Section 16.2.3 Acids Chemical Reactions In-Text Questions (Page 279-281): 1. Name the product formed when acetic acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide. Write the balanced chemical equation. 2. Balance the equations: CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2 CH_3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2 3. How to test for CO2 gas? 4. Activity-3 (Esterification): Did you see any bubbles? What causes the distinct fruity smell? **5. Balance equation: CH_3COOH + Na → CH_3COONa + H2. How to test for H2 gas?

💡 Solution:

  1. Product Name: Magnesium acetate and water.
  • Balanced Equation:

2CH_3COOH + Mg(OH)2 → (CH_3COO)_2Mg + 2H_2O

  1. Balanced Equations:
  • 2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → 2CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2↑
  • CH_3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2↑ (Already balanced)
  1. CO2 Test: Pass the evolved gas through freshly prepared lime water (Ca(OH)2). It turns lime water milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
  2. Esterification Activity: Yes, effervescence occurs when unreacted acid reacts with NaHCO3. The pleasant, sweet fruity smell is due to the formation of an Ester (Ethyl ethanoate / Ethyl acetate, CH_3COOCH_2CH3).
  3. Sodium Reaction & H2 Test:
  • Balanced Equation:

2CH_3COOH + 2Na → 2CH_3COONa + H2↑

  • H2 Test: Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube. The gas burns with a characteristic ‘pop’ sound.

Q9

Section 1624 Alkanoic Acids Box Questions Page 281…


📝 Question:

Section 16.2.4 Alkanoic Acids Box Questions (Page 281): 1. What will happen when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid? Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. **2. How can we make magnesium formate from formic acid? Show the reaction using a balanced chemical equation

💡 Solution:

  1. Ethanol + Ethanoic acid: When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst, an ester named ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) is formed along with water (Esterification)

CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH → [Conc. H_2SO4] CH_3COOC_2H5 + H_2O

  1. Magnesium Formate Synthesis: By reacting formic acid (methanoic acid) with magnesium metal or magnesium hydroxide

2HCOOH + Mg → (HCOO)_2Mg + H2↑

OR 2HCOOH + Mg(OH)2 → (HCOO)_2Mg + 2H_2O

Part 2

End-of-Chapter Exercise Solutions

Q1

Choose the correct option


📝 Question:

Choose the correct option

💡 Solution:

(i) When ethanol has 5% water added to it, it is called:**

  • (a) Rectified spirit
  • (b) Methylated spirit
  • (c) Methanol
  • (d) Absolute alcohol

(a) Rectified spirit

Explanation: Ethanol containing 5% water and 95% alcohol is known as rectified spirit.

(ii) Packing gasket is made of:

  • (a) Low density polythene
  • (b) High density polythene
  • (c) Teflon
  • (d) Polyvinyl chloride

Answer: (c) Teflon)

Explanation: Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) is chemically inert and withstands high corrosive pressure, so it is used for making packing gaskets and non-stick coatings.

(iii) If sodium carbonate is added to ethanoic acid, a gas is evolved with rapid bubbling. This gas is:

  • (a) CO
  • (b) CO2
  • (c) O2
  • (d) Water vapour

Answer: (b) CO2

Explanation: Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates to release carbon dioxide gas (CO2) with brisk effervescence: 2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → 2CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2↑.

(iv) The IUPAC name of acetic acid is:

  • (a) Ethanoic acid
  • (b) Ethanol
  • (c) Methanol
  • (d) Methanoic acid

Answer: (a) Ethanoic acid

Explanation: Acetic acid (CH_3COOH) contains 2 carbon atoms, so its IUPAC name is Ethanoic acid.

Q2

What happens when


📝 Question:

What happens when

💡 Solution:

(i) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium**

(ii) Ethanol reacts with sodium

(i)

  • (i) Ethanoic acid + Sodium: Sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate) salt is formed and hydrogen gas is released with effervescence

2CH_3COOH + 2Na → 2CH_3COONa + H2↑

  • (ii) Ethanol + Sodium: Sodium ethoxide salt is formed and hydrogen gas is released

2C_2H_5OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H2↑

  • (i) + :
  • (ii) + :

Q3

Complete the following chemical equations


📝 Question:

Complete the following chemical equations

💡 Solution:

(i) C_2H_5COOH + ? → (C_2H_5COO)_2Mg + H2**

(ii) CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → [? ] ? + H_2O

(iii) CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → ? + ? + CO2

(i) C_2H_5COOH + ? → (C_2H_5COO)_2Mg + H2

(ii) CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → [? ] ? + H_2O

(iii) CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → ? + ? + CO2

  • (i) 2C_2H_5COOH + Mg → (C_2H_5COO)_2Mg + H2↑
  • (ii) CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → [H^+ / H_2SO4] CH_3COOCH3 + H_2O (Methyl ethanoate)
  • (iii) 2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → 2CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2↑
  • (i) 2C_2H_5COOH + Mg → (C_2H_5COO)_2Mg + H2↑
  • (ii) CH_3OH + CH_3COOH → [H^+ / H_2SO4] CH_3COOCH3 + H_2O
  • (iii) 2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO3 → 2CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO2↑

Q4

Why is ethanol used in thermometers


📝 Question:

Why is ethanol used in thermometers?

💡 Solution:

Ethanol is used in low-temperature liquid thermometers because

  1. It has a very low freezing point (-114°C), allowing measurement of extreme sub-zero cold temperatures where mercury freezes (-39°C).
  2. It expands easily and uniformly with temperature rise.
  3. Red dye can be easily added to colorless alcohol for clear scale readability.

Q5

How is ethene obtained from ethanol


📝 Question:

How is ethene obtained from ethanol?

💡 Solution:

Ethene is obtained by the dehydration of ethanol. When ethanol is heated at 443 K (170°C) with excess concentrated sulphuric acid (H_2SO4), the acid acts as a dehydrating agent, removing a water molecule to form ethene

CH3-CH2-OH → [Conc. H_2SO4 / 443 K] CH2=CH2 + H_2O

Q6

Write the structures of possible isomers of C_5Hsub10subOsub2sub…


📝 Question:

Write the structures of possible isomers of C_5H10O2 (or C_4H_8O2)

💡 Solution:

Structural isomers of Carboxylic Acids with molecular formula C_4H_8O2

  1. Butanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
  2. 2-Methylpropanoic acid: CH3-CH(CH3)-COOH

(If considered for C_5H10O2):

  1. Pentanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
  2. 2-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-COOH
  3. 3-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH
  4. 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid: (CH3)_3C-COOH

Q7

How is ethanol manufactured industrially


📝 Question:

How is ethanol manufactured industrially?

💡 Solution:

Industrial manufacture of ethanol is done by fermentation of molasses

  1. Dilution: Molasses (syrup left after sugar crystallization) is diluted with water to an 8-10% solution.
  2. Nutrients & Acidity: Ammonium sulphate ((NH4)_2SO4) is added as yeast food, and a little dilute H_2SO4 is added to prevent bacterial infection.
  3. Fermentation: 5% Yeast is added and the mixture is kept in an airtight tank at 25-30°C for 2-3 days.
  4. Enzymatic Reactions:
  • Invertase converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

C12H22O11 + H_2O → [Invertase] C_6H12O6 + C_6H12O6

  • Zymase ferments glucose/fructose into ethanol

C_6H12O6 → [Zymase] 2C_2H_5OH + 2CO2↑

  1. Fractional distillation yields 95% ethanol (rectified spirit).

Q8

What is vinegar How is it manufactured


📝 Question:

What is vinegar? How is it manufactured?

💡 Solution:

Vinegar: A 3-4% dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid (acetic acid)** is called vinegar.

  • Manufactured by Quick Vinegar Method:
  1. A wooden tank with holes at the bottom for air circulation is filled with wood shavings soaked in old vinegar (containing Mycoderma aceti bacteria) and ammonium sulphate.
  2. A 10% ethanol solution is trickled slowly from the top.
  3. Acetobacter bacteria oxidize ethanol using atmospheric oxygen into ethanoic acid

C_2H_5OH + O2 → [Mycoderma aceti] CH_3COOH + H_2O

  1. Vinegar collects at the bottom of the tank.

Q9

What will be the condensed structure of PVC…


📝 Question:

What will be the condensed structure of PVC? Write any four uses of PVC

💡 Solution:

Condensed Structure of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride):**

-CH2 – CH- | Cl _n

(Monomer: Vinyl chloride, CH2=CHCl)

  • Four Uses of PVC:
  1. Insulation coating over electric wires and cables.
  2. Manufacturing water drainage pipes and raincoats.
  3. Making hand gloves, seat covers, and cycle mudguards.
  4. Making toys and plastic sheets.

Q10

Nadira and Meena Esterification Experiment Solution Nadira took…


📝 Question:

Nadira and Meena Esterification Experiment Solution: Nadira took ethanoic acid and conc. H_2SO4 in a test tube and heated it. Meena added ethanol to it. When poured into water, a unique odor appeared. Identify reaction and balanced equation

💡 Solution:

Reaction Name: Esterification Reaction**

  • Odor Cause: Formation of an ester named Ethyl ethanoate (Ethyl acetate) which has a sweet, fruity smell.
  • Balanced Equation:

CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH → [Conc. H_2SO4] CH_3COOC_2H5 + H_2O

Q11

Abraham Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid Sodium Test Solution…


📝 Question:

Abraham Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid Sodium Test Solution: Abraham added sodium metal to both ethanol and ethanoic acid solutions and observed gas burning with a ‘pop’ sound. Show reactions with equations

💡 Solution:

The evolved gas is Hydrogen gas (H2), which burns with a ‘pop’ sound.

  1. Reaction with Ethanol:

2C_2H_5OH + 2Na → 2C_2H_5ONa + H2↑

(Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen gas)

  1. Reaction with Ethanoic Acid:

2CH_3COOH + 2Na → 2CH_3COONa + H2↑

(Sodium ethanoate + Hydrogen gas)

Q12

Jaspreet Identification Problem Ethanol vs Ethanoic Acid Help…


📝 Question:

Jaspreet Identification Problem (Ethanol vs Ethanoic Acid): Help Jaspreet identify which unlabelled beaker contains ethanol and which contains ethanoic acid

💡 Solution:

Jaspreet can identify the liquids using either of these two simple chemical tests

  1. Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Test: Add a pinch of baking soda (NaHCO3) to a sample from both beakers
  • The beaker which shows brisk effervescence with evolution of CO2 gas contains Ethanoic acid.
  • The beaker which shows no reaction contains Ethanol.
  1. Litmus Paper Test:
  • The liquid that turns blue litmus paper red is Ethanoic acid.
  • The liquid that has no effect on litmus paper is Ethanol.

Q13

Polymer Definition Ethene Polymerization What is a polymer…


📝 Question:

Polymer Definition & Ethene Polymerization: What is a polymer? Explain the polymerization of ethene

💡 Solution:

Polymer: A polymer is a high-molecular-mass macro-molecule formed by the repetitive chemical combination of hundreds or thousands of simple, low-molecular-mass repeating units called monomers**.

  • Polymerization of Ethene: When a large number (n) of ethene (ethylene) monomer molecules (CH2=CH2) are heated under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the double bonds open up to form a long saturated chain macromolecule called Polythene

n(CH2=CH2) → [Catalytic Heat / Pressure] -CH2 – CH2– _n

Q14

Low Density Polythene LDPE vs High Density Polythene…


📝 Question:

Low Density Polythene (LDPE) vs High Density Polythene (HDPE): What is the difference between LDPE and HDPE? Write their uses based on their properties

💡 Solution:

Property / FeatureLow Density Polythene (LDPE)High Density Polythene (HDPE)
Structure & DensityHighly branched chain structure, Low density, High melting pointLinear unbranched chain, High density, Low melting point
Physical AppearanceSemi-transparent, hard, chemically inertFully transparent, flexible sheets
UsesMaking water pipes, buckets, and chemical containersMaking flexible bottles, carry bags, and wrapping sheets

Q15

Identification Problem of Compound A and B When…


📝 Question:

Identification Problem of Compound A and B: When a carbon compound A having molecular weight 46 u was oxidized, a carbonic acid B was obtained. Compound A is used as a sterilizing agent. Identify A and B and write the balanced chemical equations

💡 Solution:

  1. Identification of Compound A:
  • Molecular weight = 46 u.
  • Formula for Ethanol (C_2H_5OH): (2 × 12) + (6 × 1) + 16 = 24 + 6 + 16 = 46 u.
  • Ethanol is widely used as a sterilizing agent / antiseptic in medical fields.
  • Therefore, Compound A = Ethanol (C_2H_5OH).
  1. Identification of Compound B:
  • Oxidation of ethanol yields Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid, CH_3COOH).
  • Therefore, Compound B = Ethanoic acid (CH_3COOH).
  1. Balanced Chemical Equation:

C_2H_5OH + 2[O] → [Alkaline KMnO4 / K_2Cr_2O7 + H^+] CH_3COOH + H_2O

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