CG Board Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Solutions: Life Processes: Control and Coordination (जैविक प्रक्रियाएँ: नियंत्रण एवं समन्वय) (2026-27)

CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
  • Chapter 8: Life Processes: Control and Coordination (जैविक प्रक्रियाएँ: नियंत्रण एवं समन्वय)
  • CGBSE Board Weightage: 4 Marks (10 Academic Periods)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)

🌐 Select Language / माध्यम चुनें:

Part 1

In-Text & Activity Questions

Q1

Activity1 Could you hold the stick at the…


📝 Question:

Activity-1: Could you hold the stick at the same point marked by you or is the point where you could hold the stick higher than the previous point? Why do you think this may have happened?

💡 Solution:

No, the stick cannot be caught at the exact same lower mark; it is caught at a point higher up on the stick. This happens because there is a slight time delay (reaction time) between perceiving the visual/auditory stimulus of the falling stick and the transmission of nerve signals from the brain/spinal cord to the hand muscles to execute the gripping action.

Q2

Activity1 How did you know that the stick…


📝 Question:

Activity-1: How did you know that the stick fell? Which part of your body was responsible for holding the stick? What could be the other parts involved in the process? Enlist them

💡 Solution:

Sensing stimulus:** Information about the falling stick was perceived through the eyes (visual sense) and ears (hearing the friend’s instruction).

  • Holding organ: The fingers and hand muscles executed the action.
  • Other involved body parts: Eyes, ears, sensory nerves, spinal cord, brain, motor nerves, and arm muscles.

Q3

Section 812 Structure of Nerve Cells Where do…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.2 Structure of Nerve Cells: Where do you think is the cell body carrying nucleus of such nerve cells?

💡 Solution:

The cell body (cyton) containing the nucleus of long nerve cells is located inside the Central Nervous System, specifically in the grey matter of the brain or spinal cord. The long projections (axons) extend from the spinal cord/brain all the way to the extremities of our body, such as the tips of our toes.

Q4

Section 812 Nerves have protective coverings what are…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.2: Nerves have protective coverings, what are the protective coverings of our brain and spinal cord?

💡 Solution:

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of dermal tissues (meninges) with shock-absorbing fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) filled between the layers. Additionally, the brain is enclosed inside the hard bony skull (cranium), and the spinal cord is encased within the bony vertebral column (spine) with shock-absorbing fluid-filled discs between vertebrae.

Q5

Section 813 Nerves and Sense Organs What are…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.3 Nerves and Sense Organs: What are the different organs of our body that we may associate with these sensations (heat, sound, taste, light, pressure, smell)?

💡 Solution:

Q6

Activity2 Eat a pinch of fennel seeds saunf…


📝 Question:

Activity-2: Eat a pinch of fennel seeds (saunf). Now wash your mouth well and close your nose and eat a pinch of fennel seeds again. Is the taste same in both situations? What may have been the cause of this?

💡 Solution:

No, the taste is not the same; when the nose is closed, the distinct flavor/taste of fennel seeds feels blunted and incomplete. This occurs because the overall perception of taste is a coordinated result of both taste buds on the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. Closing the nostrils prevents volatile aromatic molecules from reaching the nose, blocking flavor recognition.

Q7

Section 815 Structure and Function of Brain Make…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.5 Structure and Function of Brain: Make a list of all the voluntary actions that you do in a day. Write the organs involved in any one of these voluntary actions

💡 Solution:

List of Voluntary Actions:** Writing, walking, speaking, eating food, reading a book, riding a bicycle, and playing games.

  • Organs Involved in Writing: Eyes (for sensory feedback), Brain (cerebrum for conscious control and planning), Spinal cord, Motor nerves, and Hand/Finger bones and skeletal muscles.

Q8

Activity3 Was it easy to roll your hands…


📝 Question:

Activity-3: Was it easy to roll your hands simultaneously in opposite directions? Why do you think it was so? Why was it easy to stop one hand and move the other?

💡 Solution:

It was difficult to roll both hands simultaneously in opposite directions because the brain usually sends a consolidated, unified motor signal to both hands for symmetrical movement.

  • Performing opposing (antagonistic) actions forces the brain to generate conflicting, separate instructions simultaneously, causing cognitive interference.
  • Stopping one hand was easy because the brain then only needed to issue a single independent command to one hand without conflicting output.

Q9

Activity3 While walking which hand swings forward as…


📝 Question:

Activity-3: While walking which hand swings forward as you put your right leg out? How do you think it happens like this?

💡 Solution:

When you put your right leg forward, your left hand swings forward. This cross-body coordination is an involuntary balance mechanism controlled by the spinal cord and lower brain, where the left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice-versa, ensuring rotational balance and stability while walking.

Q10

Activity4 Could the blindfolded student always point correctly…


📝 Question:

Activity-4: Could the blindfolded student always point correctly towards direction of clapping? What happened when the sound of clapping was either from front or from back of the student?

💡 Solution:

No, the blindfolded student could point correctly when the clapping sound came from the left or right side, but failed to judge correctly when the sound came directly from the front or back.

  • When sound comes from the side, it reaches one ear slightly earlier than the other ear, enabling the brain to detect the direction. When sound originates directly from the front or rear, both ears are equidistant from the sound source, making directional judgment difficult without visual aid.

Q11

Activity4 Through which organ was the student getting…


📝 Question:

Activity-4: Through which organ was the student getting the information of the sound stimulus? Which organ showed the response?

💡 Solution:

Q12

Section 816 Exchange of Information What would have…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.6 Exchange of Information: What would have happened in the given example (hand touching hot utensil) if there was no response?

💡 Solution:

If there was no reflex response, the hand would remain in contact with the hot surface, resulting in severe tissue burns, permanent cellular damage, and destruction of skin muscles and nerves.

Q13

Section 816 If a utensil is hot you…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.6: If a utensil is hot you use it carefully, do you think your brain has any role in doing so?

💡 Solution:

Yes, handling a hot utensil carefully using a cloth or tongs is a conscious, learned voluntary action controlled by the upper part of the brain (cerebrum) based on memory, reasoning, and prior experience.

Q14

Section 816 Think and state which other parts…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.6: Think and state which other parts of our body were involved in the action mentioned above (holding a falling scale)

💡 Solution:

The body parts involved were: Sense organs (Eyes and Ears), Sensory nerves, Spinal cord, Brain, Motor nerves, and Skeletal muscles and joints of the hand and arm.

Q15

Section 816 Write a few more examples of…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.6: Write a few more examples of such reflex actions

💡 Solution:

  1. Immediate withdrawal of foot when stepping on a sharp thorn or nail.
  2. Blinking of eyelids when an object suddenly approaches the eyes.
  3. Sudden coughing or sneezing when dust particles enter the respiratory tract.
  4. Knee-jerk reflex when struck below the kneecap with a reflex hammer.

Q16

Section 816 What do you think happens when…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.6: What do you think happens when our fingers are pricked suddenly? What are the organs involved in the process? Draw a schematic diagram to represent the same

💡 Solution:

Process:** Pain receptors in the skin detect the prick (stimulus) and generate nerve impulses. Sensory nerves transmit this signal to the spinal cord. The spinal cord immediately routes an emergency command via motor nerves to the arm muscles, causing them to contract and pull the finger away instantly. Pain perception reaches the brain later.

  • Organs Involved: Skin pain receptors → Sensory nerves → Spinal cord → Motor nerves → Arm muscles.
  • Schematic Pathway:

Stimulus (Prick) → Skin Receptor → [Sensory Neuron] Spinal Cord → [Motor Neuron] Muscle (Effector) → Response (Withdrawal)

Q17

Section 817 Conduction of Information by Hormones Does…


📝 Question:

Section 8.1.7 Conduction of Information by Hormones: Does nervous system have any role in the release of hormone from the parathyroid gland? What do you think?

💡 Solution:

No, the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is primarily regulated directly by the level of Calcium ions (Ca2+) present in the blood through a feedback mechanism, rather than direct nervous system control. Low blood calcium stimulates PTH secretion to release calcium from bones into blood.

Q18

Section 82 Control and Coordination in Plants Observe…


📝 Question:

Section 8.2 Control and Coordination in Plants: Observe Figure-11 (Darwin’s experiment) and state the conditions (A, B, C, D or E) in which the stem bends towards light. How do you think this happened? What inferences may be drawn from this experiment?

💡 Solution:

Conditions showing bending: Stem bends towards light in setups A (intact seedling), C (transparent cap over tip), and E** (opaque cover over lower part).

  • Conditions showing NO bending: Stem remains straight in B (tip cut off) and D (opaque cap over tip).
  • Reason: The tip of the shoot senses unidirectional light and synthesizes a growth hormone (Auxin). Auxin diffuses down to the shaded side of the stem, stimulating rapid cell elongation on the dark side, causing the shoot to bend towards light.
  • Inference: The stem tip is the site of light perception, and it produces a chemical signal (Auxin) that diffuses downward to control phototropic bending.

Part 2

End-of-Chapter Exercise Solutions

Q1

Choose the right option


📝 Question:

Choose the right option

💡 Solution:

(i) Which of the following is a plant hormone?**

  • (a) Insulin
  • (b) Thyroxine
  • (c) Estrogen
  • (d) Cytokinin

(d) Cytokinin

Explanation: Cytokinin is a plant hormone promoting cell division. Insulin, thyroxine, and estrogen are animal hormones secreted by pancreas, thyroid, and ovaries respectively.

(ii) This is not a part of the structure of a nerve cell:

  • (a) dendrite
  • (b) nucleus
  • (c) axon
  • (d) cellulosic cell wall

Answer: (d) cellulosic cell wall

Explanation: Nerve cells are animal cells and lack cell walls; cellulosic cell walls are present only in plant cells. Dendrites, nucleus, and axons are structural parts of neurons.

(iii) A gland present in our brain that controls hormonal secretions of several other glands in our body:

  • (a) Pituitary
  • (b) liver
  • (c) adrenal
  • (d) pineal

Answer: (a) Pituitary

Explanation: The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain is known as the ‘master gland’ because its secretions control the hormone release of thyroid, adrenals, and gonads.

(iv) A hormone from this gland controls the level of sugar in blood:

  • (a) Parathyroid
  • (b) Pancreas
  • (c) Adrenal
  • (d) Pineal

Answer: (b) Pancreas

Explanation: The endocrine part of the pancreas secretes the hormone Insulin, which regulates and lowers blood glucose levels.

(v) When we are asleep at night and are bit by a mosquito, we often try to kill the mosquito. This action is controlled by:

  • (a) Pituitary gland
  • (b) spinal cord and brain
  • (c) hormones
  • (d) pineal gland

Answer: (b) spinal cord and brain

Explanation: The sensory stimulus of a mosquito bite triggers a reflex response handled by the spinal cord, while processing and learned motor actions involve brain pathways.

Q2

Make schematic line diagrams and describe a reflex…


📝 Question:

Make schematic line diagrams and describe a reflex action of our body

💡 Solution:

Description: A Reflex Action** is an extremely fast, automatic, involuntary response of the body to an external sensory stimulus, controlled primarily by the spinal cord without conscious involvement of the brain.

  • Components of Reflex Arc:
  1. Receptor (Sensory Organ): Detects stimulus (e.g., skin detects heat/pain).
  2. Sensory Neuron: Carries electrical nerve impulse to the spinal cord.
  3. Spinal Cord (Integration Center): Processes signal instantly and relays command.
  4. Motor Neuron: Carries response command from spinal cord to effector.
  5. Effector (Muscle/Gland): Contracts muscle to produce response (e.g., pulling hand away).
  • Schematic Diagram:

Stimulus (Heat) → Skin Receptor → [Sensory Nerve] Spinal Cord → [Motor Nerve] Arm Muscle → Response (Hand Withdrawal)

Q3

Write a note on the role of spinal…


📝 Question:

Write a note on the role of spinal cord and brain on reflex action

💡 Solution:

  1. Role of Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is the main control center for most reflex actions. Because thinking by the brain requires time, the spinal cord directly connects sensory pathways to motor pathways, enabling instantaneous responses to dangerous stimuli to prevent body injury.
  2. Role of Brain: Although the reflex response is executed by the spinal cord, information about the reflex action and pain signals are simultaneously transmitted upward to the brain. The brain records the event in memory, perceives pain, and modifies future conscious responses to avoid similar hazards. Some complex reflexes (like pupil constriction in bright light) are directly controlled by the brain.

Q4

There is a coordination between the secretion of…


📝 Question:

‘There is a coordination between the secretion of hormones and the nervous system’, justify the statement

💡 Solution:

The nervous system and endocrine system work together as an integrated neuro-endocrine network to control body processes

  1. Hypothalamus-Pituitary Link: Structural nerve connections in the brain connect directly with the pituitary gland, allowing nerve impulses to trigger or inhibit hormone release.
  2. Emergency Response: Under stress or fear, the nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline rapidly into the blood, increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles.
  3. Feedback Mechanisms: The nervous system monitors internal conditions and regulates endocrine glands, while circulating hormones feed back into brain centers to adjust neural output.

Q5

Illustrate a nerve cell with a neat and…


📝 Question:

Illustrate a nerve cell with a neat and labeled drawing and describe it

💡 Solution:

Description:** A nerve cell (Neuron) is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, specialized for conducting electrochemical messages.

  • Main Parts of Neuron:
  1. Cell Body (Cyton): Contains cytoplasm, a central nucleus, Golgi bodies, and mitochondria.
  2. Dendrites: Highly branched, short projections extending from the cell body that receive signals from other neurons or receptors.
  3. Axon: A long single tubular projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body toward target cells or muscle tissues.
  4. Myelin Sheath & Schwann Cells: Insulating fatty layer formed by Schwann cells covering many axons, protecting them and increasing impulse speed.
  5. Synapse: Junction gap between axon terminal of one neuron and dendrite of the next.
  • Diagram Structure:

Dendrites → Cell Body (Nucleus) → Axon (Myelin Sheath) → Axon Terminals → Synapse

Q6

How are involuntary actions controlled in our body…


📝 Question:

How are involuntary actions controlled in our body, explain with a diagram?

💡 Solution:

Control Mechanism: Involuntary actions (heartbeat, peristalsis, breathing, blood vessel constriction) occur automatically without conscious thought. They are controlled by autonomic nerves connected directly to the Spinal Cord and the Lower Part / Hindbrain (Medulla Oblongata)**.

  • Path: Receptors in internal organs → Autonomic sensory nerves → Spinal cord / Lower brain (Medulla) → Autonomic motor nerves → Smooth muscles / Cardiac muscles / Glands.
  • Diagrammatic Scheme:

Internal Organ Receptor → [Sensory Nerve] Spinal Cord / Lower Brain → [Autonomic Motor Nerve] Smooth/Cardiac Muscle → Involuntary Response

Q7

Write an example of chemical control in plants


📝 Question:

Write an example of chemical control in plants

💡 Solution:

A classic example of chemical control in plants is Phototropism (bending of plant shoot towards light) controlled by the plant hormone Auxin. When sunlight falls on one side of a plant shoot tip, Auxin synthesized at the tip diffuses to the shaded side. Auxin stimulates rapid cell elongation on the dark side, causing the stem to bend towards the light source. Other chemical controls include fruit ripening induced by Ethylene and leaf senescence caused by Abscisic acid.

Q8

Explain the need of control and coordination in…


📝 Question:

Explain the need of control and coordination in any living organism with examples

💡 Solution:

Control and coordination are essential for survival, enabling organisms to integrate internal body functions, maintain homeostasis, and respond effectively to environmental changes

  1. Preventing Conflicts: During swallowing food, breathing stops momentarily to prevent choking-a precise coordination between digestive and respiratory tracts.
  2. Resource Efficiency: While exercising, the muscular system requires more energy. The nervous system coordinates with the circulatory and respiratory systems to increase heart rate and breathing rate simultaneously.
  3. Protection from Injury: Reflex withdrawal of hand from a hot utensil protects tissues from destruction.

Q9

Plants are sensitive to light cite an experiment…


📝 Question:

‘Plants are sensitive to light’ cite an experiment to justify this statement

💡 Solution:

Experiment (Darwin’s Phototropism Experiment):**

  1. Take potted oat/canary grass seedlings and place them near a window with light coming from one side.
  2. Set A (Normal): The intact stem tip bends towards the light source.
  3. Set B (Tip Removed): If the stem tip is cut off, no bending occurs.
  4. Set C (Opaque Cap): If the tip is covered with an opaque foil cap, the stem grows straight without bending.
  5. Set D (Transparent Cap): If covered with a clear glass cap, bending towards light occurs normally.
  • Conclusion: This proves that the stem tip detects light stimuli and produces Auxin hormone to bend towards light, confirming light sensitivity in plants.

Q10

Give examples to show how plants respond to…


📝 Question:

Give examples to show how plants respond to stimuli

💡 Solution:

  1. Response to Touch (Thigmonasty): Drooping and folding of leaves in ‘Touch-Me-Not’ (Mimosa pudica) plant immediately upon touch due to turgor pressure changes in leaf cells.
  2. Response to Light (Phototropism): Bending of shoot tips toward light (positive phototropism) and growing of roots away from light (negative phototropism).
  3. Response to Gravity (Geotropism): Downward growth of roots toward gravity and upward growth of shoots away from gravity.
  4. Response to Chemical Stimuli (Chemotropism): Growth of pollen tube down the style toward the ovary induced by sugary chemicals released by the carpel.
  5. Response to Water (Hydrotropism): Bending of plant roots toward moist soil regions.


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