CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
- Chapter 7: Life Processes: Nutrition, Transportation, Respiration, Excretion (जैविक प्रक्रियाएँ: पोषण, परिवहन, श्वसन, उत्सर्जन)
- CGBSE Board Weightage: 5 Marks (12 Academic Periods)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
What do you think do all organisms acquire…
क्या आपको लगता है क्या सभी जीव एक…
No, all organisms do not acquire energy directly from the same source. Autotrophs (producers/plants) synthesize their own food using light energy from the sun through photosynthesis, whereas heterotrophs (consumers/animals) obtain energy by consuming organic compounds prepared by producers or other animals.
See the graph Figure1 and suggest what do…
ग्राफ चित्र1 को देखिए और सुझाव दीजिए कि…
As the length or diameter of a unicellular organism increases, its surface area to volume ratio (y-axis) decreases rapidly. Consequently, the passage of resources (nutrients and oxygen) across the cell surface by simple diffusion becomes inadequate for the survival of the organism, necessitating specialized internal transport systems or multicellular organization.
Think of some situations that make you feel…
ऐसी कुछ स्थितियों के बारे में सोचिए जो…
Hunger Situations:** Fasting for a long time, performing heavy physical work or exercise, or when blood sugar levels drop below normal (70-100 mg/dl). A fall in sugar level signals the brain, causing muscle contractions in the stomach wall (hunger pangs).
- Scent Effect: When the scent of a favorite dish reaches us, sensory signals stimulate the brain, triggering involuntary secretion of saliva from salivary glands in the mouth and gastric juices in the stomach.
What are the different parts that have been…
मानव पाचन तंत्र के चित्र चित्र2 में कौनसे…
The major parts shown in the human digestive system are
- Mouth (Buccal Cavity)
- Oesophagus (Food Pipe)
- Stomach
- Liver and Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Anus
Activity1 Questions Saliva effect on starch
गतिविधि1 प्रश्न स्टार्च पर लार का प्रभाव ii…
(i) What happened after adding iodine to both test-tubes A and B?**
(ii) Why do you think this may have happened?
(iii) What do you think is the effect of saliva on wheat flour solution?
(i) A B ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Test-tube B (without saliva) turned blue-black, indicating the presence of starch. Test-tube A (with saliva added) did not turn blue-black.
- (ii) In test-tube A, the salivary enzyme (salivary amylase/ptyalin) broke down the complex starch into simple sugars (maltose/glucose), so no starch remained to react with iodine.
- (iii) Saliva contains an enzyme that digests complex carbohydrates (starch) into simpler sugars.
- (i) B – , A
- (ii) A ,
- (iii)
Activity2 Questions Effect of pH on saliva enzyme
गतिविधि2 प्रश्न लार एंजाइम पर pH का प्रभाव…
(i) What is the nature of solution (acidic, basic or neutral) in test tubes A, B and C respectively?**
(ii) Which of the solutions A, B and C shows the presence of starch?
(iii) Why do you think that even though we started with the same amount of solution of wheat flour and saliva, our experiment does not show presence of starch in all the test tubes?
(i) A, B C ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Test-tube A is Acidic (due to lemon juice), Test-tube B is Basic (due to washing soda), and Test-tube C is Neutral (due to distilled water).
- (ii) Test-tube A shows the presence of starch (turns blue-black with iodine solution).
- (iii) Salivary amylase operates only in specific pH conditions (neutral and slightly basic). In strongly acidic medium (Test-tube A), the enzyme gets inactivated/denatured, so starch remains undigested. In Test-tubes B and C, saliva successfully digests starch.
- (i) A , B , C
- (ii) A
- (iii) pH , B C
How does digested food reach different parts of…
पचा हुआ भोजन हमारे शरीर के विभिन्न भागों…
Digested food nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) are absorbed through the inner wall foldings (villi) of the small intestine into blood capillaries and lymph vessels. The circulatory system (blood vascular system) then transports these absorbed nutrients to all cells throughout the body.
Activity3 Questions William Harvey Experiment
गतिविधि3 प्रश्न विलियम हार्वे का प्रयोग ii अपनी…
(i) Did the bluish colour disappear between these points?**
(ii) Towards which side (elbow or fist) do you find blood vessels fill up faster? What does this show?
(i) ?
- (i) Yes, pressing down and sliding fingers along the vein causes the bluish vessel segment between the fingers to collapse and the color to disappear temporarily.
- (ii) The blood vessel fills up faster when the finger towards the fist (palm) is removed. This proves that blood in veins flows strictly in one direction: from different body parts (fist) back towards the heart (elbow).
- (i) ,
- (ii) *
Activity4 Question Could you feel it pulsating on…
गतिविधि4 प्रश्न क्या आप अपनी कलाई पर इसे…
Yes, a rhythmic pulsating movement can be felt at the wrist artery. This pulse is caused by the rhythmic contraction and pumping of the left ventricle of the heart, which forces blood through the elastic arteries under high pressure.
Section 715 Role of Heart Questions
अनुभाग 715 हृदय की भूमिका संबंधी प्रश्न ii…
(i) Does oxygenated or deoxygenated blood usually flow through our veins?**
(ii) “Veins do not always carry deoxygenated blood” do you agree to this statement? Why/why not?
(iii) From where does blood flow into the right auricle?
(iv) Where does blood go from right ventricle?
(v) Where is blood oxygenated?
(vi) What do you think would happen if blood flowed in series from heart to other organs of our body?
(i) ?
(iii) ?
(v) ?
- (i) Deoxygenated blood usually flows through our veins.
- (ii) Yes, I agree. Pulmonary veins are an exception because they carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left auricle of the heart.
- (iii) Blood enters the right auricle from all tissues and organs of the body via superior and inferior vena cava.
- (iv) Blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs.
- (v) Blood is oxygenated in the lungs across the alveolar-capillary interface.
- (vi) If blood flowed in series, hydraulic resistance would increase tremendously, blood flow rate would slow down drastically, and organs downstream would receive blood depleted of oxygen and nutrients.
- (i)
- (ii) , (Pulmonary veins)
- (iii)
- (iv)
- (v) *
- (vi) , , ,
Activity5 Questions Swallowing and breathing connection
गतिविधि5 प्रश्न निगलने और श्वसन का संबंध ii…
(i) What do you observe when swallowing food? Why do you think this happens?**
(ii) Why do you think we sometimes get choked while swallowing food?
(i) ? ?
- (i) While swallowing food, breathing momentarily stops (the paper held near the nose stops moving). This happens because a cartilaginous flap (epiglottis) covers and closes the opening of the respiratory tract (trachea) during swallowing to prevent food from entering lungs.
- (ii) If we swallow food hurriedly or talk while eating, the epiglottis may not close properly, allowing food particles to enter the respiratory tract. This triggers reflex coughing to forcefully expel the food particles.
- (i)
- (ii) ,
Activity6 Questions CO2 in exhaled air
गतिविधि6 प्रश्न उच्छ्वसित वायु में CO2 ii उच्छ्वसित…
(i) Lime water turns milky faster in which of the two boiling tubes (A – blown air or B – syringe air)? Why?**
(ii) Where did this extra CO2 in exhaled air come from?
(i) ? ?
- (i) Lime water turns milky much faster in Boiling Tube A (where exhaled air was blown). This is because exhaled air contains a significantly higher concentration of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air.
- (ii) The extra CO2 comes from cellular respiration inside body cells, where glucose is oxidized to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
- (i) A
- (ii) CO2 ,
Breakdown of Glucose Questions
ग्लूकोज के विखंडन संबंधी प्रश्न ii ग्लूकोज के…
(i) Which product of respiration (after glucose breakdown) is expelled from our body? How?**
(ii) Apart from glucose what other compounds release energy?
(iii) What are the other processes in which products formed are expelled from our body?
(i) ? ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Carbon dioxide (CO2) and excess water vapor are expelled from our lungs during exhalation.
- (ii) Fats (fatty acids and glycerol) and proteins (amino acids) also undergo oxidation to release energy.
- (iii) Excretion of nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid) through urine by kidneys, and elimination of excess salts and water through sweating by skin.
- (i) (CO2)
- (ii)
- (iii) ,
Excretion Table1 Questions Blood vs Urine comparison
उत्सर्जन एवं सारणी1 प्रश्न रक्त व मूत्र तुलना…
(i) What happens to the volume of urine when we drink a lot of water? Does it increase if we sweat a lot?**
(ii) Observe Table-1 and find out the substances that have values above the normal range in urine and blood.
(i) ? ?
- (i) Drinking a lot of water increases urine volume. Sweating a lot decreases urine volume because excess water is lost through skin pores to regulate body temperature.
- (ii) From Table-1:
- In Urine: Urea (35 mg/day, normal 20-30 mg/day), Uric acid (800 mg/day, normal 600 mg/day), and Total protein (0.9 g/day, normal <0.1 g/day) are above normal.
- In Blood: Uric acid (7.5 mg/dl, normal 3-5 mg/dl) is above normal.
- (i)
- (ii) -1 :
Plant Nutrition Photosynthesis Questions
पादप पोषण एवं प्रकाश संश्लेषण संबंधी प्रश्न ii…
(i) What do you think Priestley may have observed in his experiments (Figure-11)? How does the candle keep burning and rat remain alive in ‘B’ and ‘D’?**
(ii) Activity-8: Which gas was collected in the test-tube over Hydrilla? In which setup (A in light or B in shade) was collection more?
(iii) Photosynthesis Equation Question: Write the equation when value of n = 6. What carbon compound is formed?
(iv) What substances do plants require for photosynthesis and how do they reach chloroplasts?
(i) ? ‘B’ ‘D’ ?
(iii) : n = 6 ?
- (i) Priestley observed that a candle extinguished and a rat suffocated in closed bell jars (A and C). Introducing a mint sprig (B and D) kept the candle burning and rat alive. The plant restored Oxygen gas used up by burning/breathing.
- (ii) Oxygen gas was collected. Collection was much higher in Setup A placed in sunlight, proving light is necessary for photosynthesis.
- (iii) Equation for n = 6:
6CO2 + 12H_2O → [Chlorophyll / Sunlight] C_6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H_2O
The carbon compound formed is Glucose (C_6H12O6).
- (iv) Required substances
- CO2: Absorbed from air through stomata by diffusion.
- H_2O: Absorbed from soil by roots and transported via xylem vessels.
- Sunlight & Chlorophyll: Absorbed directly inside chloroplasts.
- (i) /
- (ii) A ,
- (iii) n = 6 :
- (iv)
Choose the right option
Choose the right option
(i) The internal wall of the stomach is usually not injured by HCl because of:**
- (a) Pepsin
- (b) Mucous
- (c) Salivary amylase
- (d) None of these
(b) Mucous
Explanation: Mucous is secreted by gastric glands to form a protective layer over the stomach inner lining, shielding it from hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Gaseous exchange occurs during respiration between:
- (a) Respiratory and digestive tract
- (b) Alveoli of lungs and surrounding capillaries
- (c) Air alveoli and respiratory tubes
- (d) Respiratory tube and pharynx
Answer: (b) Alveoli of lungs and surrounding capillaries
Explanation: The ultra-thin walls of alveoli and surrounding blood capillaries facilitate simple diffusion of O2 and CO2.
(iii) Oxygenated blood flows from lungs to heart by:
- (a) Pulmonary artery
- (b) Pulmonary vein
- (c) Pharynx
- (d) None of these
Answer: (b) Pulmonary vein
Explanation: Pulmonary veins bring oxygen-rich blood from lungs back into the left auricle of the heart.
(iv) Kidney is composed of several:
- (a) Nephron
- (b) Bowman’s capsule
- (c) Ureter
- (d) Urinary bladder
Answer: (a) Nephron
Explanation: Nephrons are the structural and functional filtering units of kidneys.
How is a vein different from an artery
शिरा धमनी से किस प्रकार भिन्न है Feature…
| | (Artery) | (Vein) |
| (Valves) | | |
Differentiate between respiration in the presence and absence…
ऑक्सीजन की उपस्थिति और अनुपस्थिति में श्वसन के…
| (Aerobic) | (Anaerobic) | |
|---|---|---|
| (38 ATP) | (2 ATP) |
What are the differences between the sources of…
उत्पादकों और उपभोक्ताओं की ऊर्जा के स्रोतों में…
Producers (Autotrophs): Their primary source of energy is Solar Energy** (sunlight). They use inorganic raw materials (CO2 and H_2O) to trap radiant light energy via chlorophyll and convert it into stored chemical energy (carbohydrates).
- Consumers (Heterotrophs): Their source of energy is Chemical Energy stored in organic food compounds synthesized by producers or other animals. They cannot utilize solar energy directly.
What is the mutual relationship of animals and…
भोजन के आधार पर जंतुओं और पौधों का…
Plants and animals share an interdependent relationship
- Plants as Food Suppliers: Plants produce complex organic carbon compounds (glucose, starch) and Oxygen (O2) during photosynthesis, which serve as food and life-sustaining gas for all animals.
- Animals as Carbon Dioxide Suppliers: Animals perform respiration, releasing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which plants absorb as a essential reactant for photosynthesis.
Why is formation of metabolic wastesurine and its…
जंतुओंशरीर के लिए अपशिष्टोंमूत्र का निर्माण और निष्कासन…
Metabolic activities generate toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid. If accumulated, these substances alter internal pH, disturb osmotic fluid balance, damage cells, and prove fatal. The formation and excretion of urine purifies the blood, maintains homeostasis, and regulates body water and salt balance.
What is the difference between substances transported by…
जाइलम और फ्लोएम द्वारा स्थानांतरित पदार्थों के बीच…
Xylem Transport:** Transports water and dissolved mineral salts absorbed from the soil. The transport is strictly unidirectional (upwards from roots to leaves driven by transpiration pull).
- Phloem Transport: Transports organic food products (sucrose, glucose) and amino acids synthesized in leaves. The transport is bidirectional (upward and downward to all living/storage tissues using ATP energy).
What is the function of HCl secreted in…
अमाशय में स्रावित HCl का क्या कार्य है
- Activation of Enzymes: Creates an acidic medium (pH 1.5-2.0) required to convert inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin for protein digestion.
- Germicidal Action: Kills harmful bacteria and pathogens ingested along with food.
- Softening Food: Softens hard food particles for gastric churning.
Cover some branches of a plant with polythene…
पौधे की कुछ शाखाओं को पॉलीथीन से ढककर…
Polythene Observation: Water drops condense inside the polythene due to transpiration** from leaves on those tied branches.
- Can we estimate total water loss? No, measuring water from a few covered branches gives only a localized sample. To estimate total plant water loss, we would need to multiply this rate by the ratio of total leaf surface area of the entire plant to the leaf area enclosed in the bag, adjusting for shading, humidity inside the bag, and environmental variables.
Arhar Plant Vaseline Coating Experiment Table Analysis Leaf…
अरहर के पौधे पर वैसलीन लेपन प्रयोग सारणी…
(a) Maximum transpiration took place from the lower surface** of the leaf (when upper surface was coated in Leaf 3, weight loss was still 36%, whereas coating lower surface in Leaf 4 reduced weight loss to 4%).
- (b) The lower surface has the maximum number of stomata.
- (c) Excess water loss causes leaves to wilt, cells lose turgidity, photosynthesis stops, and the plant may dry up and die.
- (d) If transpiration stops, upward movement of water and minerals (xylem sap ascent) halts, thermal regulation fails (plant overheats), and nutrient supply to top leaves is blocked.
Explain how blood flows in two pathways from…
समझाइए कि हृदय से दो मार्गों द्वारा रक्त…
Human heart circulation consists of two separate pathways called Double Circulation