CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Science Solutions | 2026-27 New Edition (English & Hindi Medium)
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Class & Subject: Class 10 Science (विज्ञान) – 2026-27 Edition
- Chapter 14: Life Processes: Reproduction, Growth and Development (जैविक प्रक्रियाएँ: प्रजनन, वृद्धि और परिवर्धन)
- CGBSE Board Weightage: 4 Marks (12 Academic Periods)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
Chapter Opening Introductory Questions Page 235
अध्याय के प्रारंभ के परिचयात्मक प्रश्न पृष्ठ 235…
(i) If an unfertilized egg is a single cell, are fertilized eggs composed of several cells? Are seeds composed of several cells too?**
(ii) Does fertilization have any role in triggering the process of division?
(iii) Is the role of male and female essential for the process of reproduction?
(iv) Does reproduction produce offspring (or children) that are exact copies of their parents?
(v) Is reproduction essential for the life of an individual animal?
(v) Does growth and development have anything to do to reach the reproductive phase?
(i) , ? ?
(iii) ?
(v) ?
- (i) A fertilized egg (zygote) is initially a single cell. It becomes multicellular only after cell division starts. Seeds are multicellular structures containing an embryo and stored food.
- (ii) Yes, fertilization (fusion of male and female gametic nuclei) triggers the zygote to undergo rapid mitotic cell divisions.
- (iii) In sexual reproduction, the roles of both male and female are essential. However, in asexual reproduction, a single parent reproduces without male/female distinction.
- (iv) No, sexual reproduction produces variations; offspring inherit genetic material from both parents and are not exact copies. Asexually produced offspring are almost exact copies (clones).
- (v) No, reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the survival and continuity of the species.
- (vi) Yes, growth and development lead to body maturation and development of functional reproductive organs, enabling the organism to reach the reproductive phase (puberty/adolescence).
- (i)
- (ii) ,
- (iii)
- (iv) , (Variations) ;
- (v) , ,
- (vi) , ,
Section 1411 Historical Conceptual InText Questions Page 235
अनुभाग 1411 ऐतिहासिक व अवधारणात्मक प्रश्न पृष्ठ 235…
(i) Do the male and female reproductive entities carry a small human form in them?**
(ii) Does the male entity carry all factors responsible for the development of the offspring while the female only provides favorable conditions for the same?
(i) ?
- (i) No, microscopic observations by scientists (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow) proved that gametes do not contain any pre-formed mini human structure. Both sperm and egg are single microscopic cells.
- (ii) No, both male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes contribute equally to the offspring. Each gamete provides a haploid nucleus carrying genetic information (23 chromosomes each in humans) which fuse to form a complete single-celled zygote (46 chromosomes).
- (i) ,
- (ii) , , 46
Section 1412 Activity1 Body Parts Growth Questions Page…
अनुभाग 1412 गतिविधि1 शरीर के अंगों की वृद्धि…
(i) Compare your and a small child’s ratio of palm length to height. Are they similar or different? What does this ratio show?**
(ii) Observe the human body mass growth graph (Fig. 3) and say when was growth fastest in this individual? What was the age after which the rate of growth slowed down?
(iii) Do you think the growth in the area between fingers had ceased when that in fingers continued?
(i) ? ?
(iii) ?
- (i) The ratios are different. This ratio indicates that different parts of the human body grow at different relative rates and proportions during development according to age.
- (ii) Growth was fastest during the embryonic/fetal stage in the mother’s womb and during infancy. The rate of growth slowed down significantly after adolescence (around 18-20 years of age).
- (iii) Yes, cell division and growth between the fingers stopped (or cells underwent programmed degeneration/differentiation), allowing fingers to separate as independent structures while fingers continued to elongate.
- (i) **
- (ii) *
- (iii) , ,
Section 1413 Adolescent Changes Cellular Growth Questions Page…
अनुभाग 1413 किशोरावस्था के परिवर्तन व कोशिकीय वृद्धि…
(i) What changes do you find in you now as compared to when you were in the primary section at school?**
(ii) How are sperms and ovum formed?
(iii) How are layers of cells laid in the uterus every month?
(iv) How do we grow and how does development take place? Do cells increase in size or change in form when we grow? Do cells start dividing?
(i) , ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Increase in height and body mass; growth of hair in armpits and pubic regions; development of reproductive organs; voice changes (deeper voice in boys, growth of beard/moustache; enlargement of breasts/mammary organs in girls); development of acne; behavioral and emotional changes (adolescence).
- (ii) Sperms are formed in the testes of males, and ova (eggs) are formed in the ovaries of females through a reductional cell division process called meiosis.
- (iii) Under the influence of hormones (estrogen and progesterone), blood vessels and thick spongy layers of uterine tissues are deposited on the inner wall of the uterus every month during the menstrual cycle to prepare for embryonic implantation.
- (iv) Body growth and development take place primarily by mitotic cell division (increasing cell numbers), accompanied by cell enlargement (increase in cell size) and cell differentiation (cells changing form and specialized function).
- (i) ; ; ; ; ;
- (ii) (Testes) (Ovary) (Meiosis)
- (iii)
- (iv) (Mitosis), (Differentiation)
Section 142 Activity3 Mustard Seed Germination Questions Page…
अनुभाग 142 गतिविधि3 सरसों बीज अंकुरण के प्रश्न…
(i) After how many days from sowing the seed did you find the plants grow out?**
(ii) When did you find a pair of leaves growing on the plants?
(iii) When did the next pair of leaves grow?
(iv) Was there any change in the first pair of leaves as the plant grew taller?
(i) ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Plants sprouted out of the soil in about 3 to 5 days after sowing.
- (ii) The first pair of seed leaves (cotyledons/cotyledonary leaves) appeared within 5 to 7 days.
- (iii) The second pair of true foliage leaves grew around 10 to 12 days.
- (iv) Yes, as the plant grew taller, the first pair of leaves (cotyledons) expanded initially, turned yellow, withered, and eventually fell off as true leaves took over photosynthesis.
- (i) 3 5
- (ii) 5 7
- (iii) 10 12
- (iv) , – , ,
Section 1432 Cell Cycle Division Phase Questions Page…
अनुभाग 1432 कोशिका चक्र एवं विभाजन प्रावस्था के…
(i) Which is the longest phase that you observe in the cell cycle figure (Fig. 8)?**
(ii) Why do you think it may be the longest phase?
(iii) Do all cells of our body divide in this manner forever?
(i) ?
(iii) ?
- (i) Interphase (comprising G1, S, and G2 phases) is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
- (ii) It is the longest phase because during interphase, the cell accumulates nutrients, synthesizes cellular proteins and organelles, doubles its volume, and duplicates its entire DNA molecule (DNA synthesis in S phase) to prepare thoroughly for division.
- (iii) No, all cells do not divide forever. Many specialized cells (such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and mature red blood cells) enter a non-dividing rest state (G0 phase / arrest of growth) where division ceases permanently or temporarily.
- (i) (Interphase)
- (ii) , , DNA ,
- (iii) , ,
Section 1433 Embryo Development Placenta Questions Page 246248
अनुभाग 1433 भ्रूण परिवर्धन व प्लेसेंटा के प्रश्न…
(i) Observe the single cell of the 1st day and the ball of cells of the 5th day. Is there any change in volume?**
(ii) We do not find any organs till the 5th day, so where do life processes occur in the child?
(iii) Are organs involved in oxygenation of blood or digestion of food developed and functional in a child developing in a womb? How does a child respire in liquid medium?
(iv) We have studied that all cells of our body have the same DNA, so how is it that cells, tissues, organs and organ systems look so different from each other?
(v) Would it be fair to state that different kinds of cells have the same origin (zygote)?
(i) 5 ?
(iii) ? ?
(v) ?
- (i) From day 1 to day 5, there is no change in overall volume, but the number of cells increases rapidly through cleavage divisions.
- (ii) Basic metabolic life processes occur directly within each individual blastomere cell by diffusion of materials before organ formation.
- (iii) Digestive and respiratory organ systems remain non-functional inside the womb. Gaseous exchange and nutrition occur through the placenta via blood vessels connecting mother and fetus. Oxygenated blood from mother supplies oxygen to the fetus across placenta.
- (iv) Although all cells contain identical DNA, during differentiation, selective sections/genes of DNA are activated (expressed) in specific cells while other sections are silenced, causing structural and functional variations.
- (v) Yes, all specialized somatic cells in a multicellular body originate from a single progenitor cell: the zygote.
- (i) 5 , (Cleavage)
- (ii)
- (iii) (Placenta) ;
- (iv) DNA , DNA ,
- (v) , – (Zygote)
Section 1434 Meiosis Chromosomes Questions Page 249
अनुभाग 1434 अर्धसूत्री विभाजन व गुणसूत्र के प्रश्न…
(i) If gametes were formed by mitosis, how would the hereditary material increase in subsequent generations?**
(ii) What should be the amount of hereditary material in gametes, as compared to parent cells, so that the amount of hereditary material remains constant in subsequent generations?
(i) , ?
- (i) If gametes were formed by mitosis, each gamete would be diploid (2n = 46). Upon fertilization (2n + 2n), the chromosome number would double every generation (4n = 92, then 16n, etc.), destroying the species stability.
- (ii) Gametes must contain half the amount of hereditary material (n = 23, haploid) compared to parent diploid (2n = 46) cells. Upon fusion of male (n) and female (n) gametes during fertilization, the original diploid number (2n = 46) is restored in the offspring.
- (i) , (2n = 46) (2n + 2n) ,
- (ii) * , (n) (n) (2n = 46)
Section 1435 Asexual vs Sexual Activity4 Potato Questions…
अनुभाग 1435 अलैंगिक बनाम लैंगिक व गतिविधि4 आलू…
(i) What is the role of variation in the evolution of species? Which form of reproduction leads to greater scope of survival?**
(ii) Activity-4 (Potato propagation) observations:
- Were all potato plants identical? What variations were observed?
- Can we say that variations can be found even in asexually reproducing organisms as well? Why?
(i) (Variation) ? ?
- (i) Variation enables individuals to adapt to changing environmental conditions, driving natural selection and evolution. Sexual reproduction leads to greater scope of survival because meiosis and fertilization shuffle hereditary material extensively.
- (ii)
- Potato plants grown from eyes are largely similar, but subtle variations in stem thickness, leaf size, and growth rate are observed due to localized micro-environmental conditions and minor copying errors during DNA replication.
- Yes, minor variations occur in asexually reproducing organisms due to environmental factors and rare errors during DNA replication.
- (i) ,
- (ii)
Section 144 Activity5 Curdling Unicellular Growth Questions Page…
अनुभाग 144 गतिविधि5 दही जमना एककोशिकीय वृद्धि प्रश्न…
(i) Is there any difference between Bowl A (warm milk) and Bowl B (boiling hot milk)? What is the reason?**
(ii) What do you come to know about cell division from this section? What is the relation between growth and reproduction in unicellular organisms?
(i) A B ? ?
- (i) Milk in Bowl A converted into curd, whereas milk in Bowl B remained liquid.
- Reason: Warm temperature in Bowl A provided favorable conditions for Lactobacillus bacteria to survive and multiply by cell division. High heat in Bowl B killed the added bacteria, preventing reproduction.
- (ii) In unicellular organisms, cell division (mitosis) is synonymous with reproduction and population growth; a single cell division doubles the population.
- (i) A , B
- (ii) ;
Choose the correct option
Choose the correct option
(i) The following type of division takes place in most cells of our body:**
- (a) meiosis
- (b) unisexual
- (c) bisexual
- (d) mitosis
(d) mitosis
Explanation: Mitosis occurs in all somatic (body) cells for growth, development, and repair, maintaining the original chromosome number (2n = 46).
(ii) Which of the following is not a part of the female reproductive system:
- (a) Ovary
- (b) Uterus
- (c) Sperm duct
- (d) Oviduct or fallopian tube
Answer: (c) Sperm duct
Explanation: The sperm duct (vas deferens) is part of the male reproductive system. Ovary, uterus, and fallopian tube belong to the female system.
(iii) Sexual reproduction leads to:
- (a) Increase in variation
- (b) Fertilization of male and female gametes lead to formation of zygote
- (c) None
- (d) Both a and b
Answer: (d) Both a and b
Explanation: Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote and generates genetic variations in offspring.
Is the placenta essential for the child developing…
क्या गर्भाशय में विकसित हो रहे बच्चे के…
Yes, the placenta is absolutely essential** for the developing child in the uterus.
- Reasons:
- Nutrition: It transports glucose, amino acids, water, and essential nutrients from the mother’s bloodstream to the developing embryo.
- Respiration: It facilitates gaseous exchange, delivering oxygen from mother to fetus and removing carbon dioxide from fetal blood.
- Excretion: Fetal metabolic wastes (like urea) pass through the placenta into the mother’s blood for excretion.
- Endocrine function: It secretes hormones essential for maintaining pregnancy.
What is the role of male and female…
निषेचन की प्रक्रिया में नर और मादा की…
Role of Male:**
- Produces microscopic, motile male gametes called sperms in the testes via meiosis.
- Transfers millions of sperms into the female vagina during copulation. Each sperm carries a haploid set of paternal chromosomes (23 chromosomes).
- Role of Female:
- Produces a non-motile female gamete called ovum/egg in the ovary via meiosis once every menstrual cycle.
- Provides the site of fertilization in the fallopian tube (oviduct) and contributes a haploid set of maternal chromosomes (23 chromosomes) along with cytoplasm and resources for embryonic development.
Draw a flower and label the male and…
एक फूल का चित्र बनाइए और उसमें नर…
Structure Description for Diagram:**
- Male Reproductive Part (Stamen / Androecium): Composed of Anther (pollen bearing head) and Filament (stalk).
- Female Reproductive Part (Carpel/Pistil / Gynoecium): Composed of Stigma (sticky terminal surface), Style (elongated tube), and Ovary (swollen base containing ovules).
- Non-essential Whorls: Petals (Corolla) and Sepals (Calyx).
Write at least five differences between asexual and…
अलैंगिक और लैंगिक प्रजनन में कम से कम…
| 1. | ||
|---|---|---|
| 3. | (Mitosis) | (Meiosis) |
| 4. | ||
| 5. |
What is menstruation What is its effect on…
मासिक धर्म मासिक चक्रMenstruation क्या है मानव मादा…
Definition:** Menstruation is the monthly cyclic shedding of the inner thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) along with blood, tissue fluid, and unfertilized ovum through the vagina in human females. It repeats every 28-30 days from puberty to menopause.
- Effects on Female Body:
- Indicates reproductive maturity and regular ovarian function.
- Temporary abdominal cramps, backache, and fatigue during blood discharge (3-5 days).
- Prepares the body every month for potential pregnancy; stops temporarily during pregnancy.
Write in detail about two ways of contraception
गर्भनिरोध के दो तरीकों के बारे में विस्तार…
- Barrier Methods (Physical Barriers):
- Example: Condoms (for males) or Diaphragms/Cervical Caps (for females).
- Working: Condoms are rubber/latex sheaths worn over the penis that trap ejaculated semen, preventing sperms from entering the female vagina.
- Advantage: Prevents unwanted pregnancy AND protects against Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) like AIDS, syphilis, and gonorrhea.
- Surgical Methods (Permanent Contraception):
- Vasectomy (in males): A minor surgical procedure where a small section of the sperm duct (vas deferens) is cut or tied to block sperm passage.
- Tubectomy (in females): A minor surgery where fallopian tubes are tied or cut to prevent the egg from reaching the uterine cavity.
Write a detailed note on the reproductive processes…
एककोशिकीय और बहुकोशिकीय जीवों की प्रजनन प्रक्रियाओं पर…
Unicellular Organisms:**
- Reproduce almost exclusively by asexual methods based on mitosis.
- Fission: A single parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells (binary fission in Amoeba, Paramecium, bacteria).
- Budding: Small outgrowth forms on the parent cell and detaches (Yeast).
- Growth and reproduction are identical processes (cell division directly increases organism count).
- Multicellular Organisms:
- Most complex multicellular organisms (vertebrates, flowering plants) reproduce by sexual reproduction involving meiosis.
- Specialized reproductive organs produce haploid gametes (sperms/ova in animals, pollen/egg in plants).
- Fertilization creates a diploid zygote, which develops into an embryo via repeated mitosis and differentiation.
- Simple multicellular organisms (like Hydra, Planaria, Bryophyllum) can also reproduce asexually by budding, fragmentation, or vegetative propagation.
How does reproduction help in sustaining the population…
प्रजाति की आबादी को बनाए रखने में प्रजनन…
Organisms die continually due to aging, natural mortality, diseases, predation, and environmental hazards. Reproduction ensures the birth of new individuals of the same species to replace dead organisms. Thus, reproduction balances the birth rate with the death rate, maintaining a stable population size, preventing extinction, and ensuring the long-term survival and continuity of a species on Earth over generations.
How do plants that do not produce seeds…
जो पौधे बीज उत्पन्न नहीं करते वे किस…
Non-seed-producing plants reproduce by Vegetative Propagation or Spore Formation
- Vegetative Propagation: New plants develop from vegetative parts like stem, root, or leaf.
- Stems: Potato tubers (eyes), sugarcane stem cuttings, rose grafts, runner grass.
- Roots: Sweet potato, Dahlia, Parwal, Kundru.
- Leaves: Bryophyllum and Begonia form plantlets along leaf margins.
- Spore Formation: Non-flowering plants like mosses, ferns, fungi (Rhizopus, Mucor) produce microscopic thick-walled spores inside sporangia that germinate into new plants under moist favorable conditions.
What do you understand by growth and development…
वृद्धि और परिवर्धन से आप क्या समझते हैं…
Growth:** Growth refers to the permanent, irreversible increase in the physical size, mass, height, and volume of an organism over time due to cell division and resource accumulation.
- Example: Increase in height from a 1-meter child to a 1.6-meter adult.
- Development: Development refers to the qualitative structural and functional changes, progressive cellular differentiation, and maturation of organs that lead to complex body organization.
- Example: Formation of specialized hands, fingers, nerve connections, and mature functional reproductive organs during embryonic and adolescent growth.
What are the different aspects that need to…
गर्भवती महिलाओं के स्वास्थ्य के लिए किनकिन विभिन्न…
- Balanced & Nutritious Diet: High intake of proteins, iron, calcium, folic acid, vitamins, and fluids to support fetal growth and prevent anemia.
- Regular Medical Check-ups: Periodic antenatal health check-ups, blood pressure monitoring, blood sugar checks, and ultrasound scans.
- Proper Vaccination: Timely Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccinations to protect both mother and newborn.
- Rest & Mental Well-being: Adequate sleep, avoidance of heavy physical exertion, and stress-free family support.
- Hygiene & Safe Delivery: Ensuring clean personal hygiene and planning delivery at a recognized hospital/health center under skilled medical staff.
Case Study Question on Multiple Births Page 255…
बहुजन्म Multiple Births संबंधी प्रकरण अध्ययन प्रश्न पृष्ठ…
Multiple births (twins, triplets, or quintuplets) occur in two primary biological ways
- Polyembryony / Division of Zygote (Identical / Monozygotic): After fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, the resulting early zygote/embryo splits into two or more independent blastomere groups during initial cleavage. Each split group implants separately and develops into an independent fetus carrying identical genetic material (same sex).
- Multiple Ovulation (Fraternal / Dizygotic / Polyzygotic): Sometimes, due to hormonal spikes, the ovaries release more than one egg (2, 3, or more ova) simultaneously during a single cycle. Each egg gets fertilized by a different sperm, leading to the concurrent development of multiple distinct embryos in the uterus.