CG Board Class 9 Social Science Chapter 13 Solutions: Rights (अधिकार) – 2026-27

The practice of slavery denied human beings their fundamental right to life, freedom of movement, personal liberty, bodily dignity, right to equality, right to fair wages, and freedom from forced labor. Slaves were branded, handcuffed, crammed into ships like cattle, denied proper food, sold as chattel property, and forced into grueling labor without wages or legal rights.

• English Step-by-Step Comparison:

1. Democratic Citizen: Enjoys constitutional protection, equal rights, freedom of speech, right to education, choice of occupation, fair remuneration, and equal access to public places.
2. African Slave: Treated as physical property without human dignity; subjected to forced labor, bodily torture, starvation, separation from family, and denied all legal or civic protections.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण तुलना:

1. लोकतांत्रिक नागरिक: संवैधानिक संरक्षण, समान अधिकार, अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता, शिक्षा का अधिकार, अपनी पसंद का रोजगार, उचित वेतन और सार्वजनिक स्थलों के उपयोग के अधिकार का आनंद लेता है।
2. अफ्रीकी दास: बिना किसी मानवीय गरिमा के माल/संपत्ति की तरह व्यवहार किया जाता था; बिना मजदूरी के जबरन काम कराने, शारीरिक प्रताड़ना, भुखमरी, परिवार से अलगाव और सभी कानूनी व नागरिक अधिकारों से वंचित रखा जाता था।

A public place is any area or facility owned, maintained, or open for common use by all members of society without discrimination. Examples: Public buses, railway stations, parks, government hospitals, restaurants, libraries, and cinema halls.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech highlights that despite the Emancipation Proclamation, coloured Americans remained crippled by segregation and discrimination. They lived on an “island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity” and felt exiled in their own homeland due to racial injustice and lack of voting rights.

He dreamed of a nation where sons of former slaves and former slave owners could sit together at the table of brotherhood. He envisioned an America where his four little children would be judged by the “content of their character” rather than the color of their skin, and where freedom and justice resonated across every state.

Coloured Americans used non-violent direct action, mass public rallies, peaceful demonstrations, long marches (such as the 1963 March on Washington), bus boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns led by Martin Luther King Jr..

Without rights, individuals face state oppression, exploitation, arbitrary arrest, forced labor, denial of education, lack of creative freedom, and loss of human dignity. Power concentrates among a select few, leading to partisan laws and stopping individual progress.

Rights empower individuals by providing freedom and security to grow physically, emotionally, and mentally. They offer opportunities to be creative and innovative in fields like writing, music, and art, while education enables citizens to live with dignity and self-respect.

We ensure rights through constitutional guarantees, strict enforcement by an independent judiciary, active protection by specialized commissions (like Human Rights Commissions), public awareness, and vigilant citizens who challenge rights violations.

Rights gain legal status when they are formally recognized, enacted into law by parliament, or codified within a country’s constitution. Legal sanction binds the state to implement rights and gives citizens the legal authority to enforce them through courts.

Without the fundamental right to education, millions of children, especially from poor backgrounds, remained illiterate, trapped in child labor, unable to secure skilled employment, and deprived of a dignified life.

Right to Equality / equality before law (समानता का अधिकार / कानून के समक्ष समानता).

• Scenario 2a (Page 207): Right permitting rural/impoverished people to migrate and settle in prosperous regions for work.
• Which right is involved? / कौन सा अधिकार शामिल है?

Right to Freedom (freedom of movement and residence across India) (स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार – भारत में कहीं भी आने-जाने व बसने की स्वतंत्रता).

• Scenario 2b (Page 207): Right permitting people to express views by printing leaflets or writing articles in newspapers.
• Which right is involved? / कौन सा अधिकार शामिल है?

Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression (वाक् एवं अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार).

• Scenario 3 (Page 207): Prohibition of children below 14 years from working in dangerous factories, mines, or forced labor.
• Which right is involved? / कौन सा अधिकार शामिल है?

Right against Exploitation (शोषण के विरुद्ध अधिकार).

• Scenario 4 (Page 207): Preservation of language, culture, and religion by linguistic or religious minorities.
• Which fundamental right protects minorities? / कौन सा अधिकार अल्पसंख्यकों की रक्षा करता है?

Cultural and Educational Rights (सांस्कृतिक एवं शैक्षणिक अधिकार).

• Scenario 5 (Page 207): Factory discharging effluents that pollute drinking water and spread diseases.
• Which Fundamental Right does this violate? / यह किस मौलिक अधिकार का उल्लंघन करता है?

Right to Life (Article 21 – Right to clean environment and health integral to dignified life) (जीवन का अधिकार – स्वच्छ पर्यावरण और स्वास्थ्य का अधिकार).

Without a Human Rights Commission, victims of police atrocities, custodial deaths, domestic violence, child labor, and social boycott would have no independent body to investigate their grievances. They face these problems because ordinary government departments often shield defaulting officials, making impartial inquiry difficult.

While the Commission investigates complaints, issues summons, and sends expert teams, it cannot penalize violators directly or monitor every single incident nationwide due to vast population size and limited staff. Complete protection requires active support from courts, civil society, and vigilant citizens.

Before the RTI Act (2005), government offices maintained extreme secrecy. Applications for welfare schemes (like ration cards) were lost or ignored, corrupt officials demanded bribes, and citizens could not verify funding or official records.

The RTI Act mandates that offices provide requested information within 30 days (or 48 hours for life/liberty matters), imposing a daily fine of Rs. 250 (up to Rs. 25,000) on defaulting officials. Citizens can inspect government work, examine records, and get certified copies.

Central Information Commissioner of India (as of 2026):* Shri Heeralal Samariya (or incumbent Chief Information Commissioner).

• State Information Commissioner of Chhattisgarh: Shri Narendra Kumar Shukla (or incumbent State Chief Information Commissioner).

The Women’s Commission was established to improve women’s socio-economic status, protect their constitutional/legal rights, prevent domestic violence, dowry harassment, female foeticide, and child marriage, and support abandoned or divorced women.

It investigates cases of atrocities and domestic abuse, offers legal aid and counselling, summons offenders, provides financial/rehabilitation advice, and creates public awareness against gender discrimination.

Child laborers work in tea stalls, hotels/restaurants, domestic work, brick kilns, carpet weaving, firecracker factories, agriculture, rag-picking, automobile repair shops, and construction sites.

It was created to protect children aged below 14 years from child labor, trafficking, physical/sexual abuse, and neglect, ensuring their right to free education, healthcare, and proper physical and mental development.

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

Slavery is an inhumane system where a human being is legally owned, bought, and sold as chattel property by another person:

1. Slaves possessed no civil, political, or human rights.
2. They were forced to perform grueling labor without wages.
3. They were subjected to physical bondage, branding, and mistreatment.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

दास प्रथा एक अमानवीय व्यवस्था है जहाँ एक मनुष्य को दूसरे व्यक्ति द्वारा निजी संपत्ति की तरह खरीदा, बेचा और स्वामित्व में रखा जाता है:

1. दासों के पास कोई नागरिक, राजनीतिक या मानवीय अधिकार नहीं होते थे।
2. उनसे बिना मजदूरी के जबरन कठिन श्रम कराया जाता था।
3. उन्हें शारीरिक जंजीरों, दागने और अत्याचारों का सामना करना पड़ता था।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

A summon is an official legal order issued by a court or a statutory commission (like the Human Rights Commission) requiring an individual, witness, or government official to present themselves before the authority on a specified date to give evidence, produce documents, or answer questions.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

समन किसी अदालत या वैधानिक आयोग (जैसे मानवाधिकार आयोग) द्वारा जारी किया गया एक आधिकारिक कानूनी आदेश है, जिसके तहत किसी व्यक्ति, साक्षी या सरकारी अधिकारी को साक्ष्य देने, दस्तावेज पेश करने या सवालों के जवाब देने के लिए निर्दिष्ट तिथि पर उपस्थित होने का निर्देश दिया जाता है।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

Human rights are violated when individuals or state institutions deny basic freedoms and human dignity:

1. State Custodial Violence: Police brutality, illegal detention, and custodial deaths.
2. Social Discrimination: Untouchability, caste boycott, and gender violence.
3. Economic Exploitation: Child labor, bonded labor, human trafficking, and denial of minimum wages.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

मानव अधिकारों का उल्लंघन तब होता है जब व्यक्ति या राज्य की संस्थाएँ बुनियादी स्वतंत्रताओं और मानवीय गरिमा को छीनती हैं:

1. हिरासत में हिंसा: पुलिस बर्बरता, अवैध हिरासत और हिरासत में मौतें।
2. सामाजिक भेदभाव: छुआछूत, जातिगत बहिष्कार और लैंगिक हिंसा।
3. आर्थिक शोषण: बाल श्रम, बंधुआ मजदूरी, मानव तस्करी और न्यूनतम मजदूरी से बेदखली।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

1. Independent Probe: Conducts impartial inquiries into cases of human rights abuse and government negligence.
2. Summoning Power: Issues summons to witnesses and demands government records.
3. On-the-Spot Inquiry: Visits places of violation (like jails or hospitals) to inspect conditions and direct immediate relief.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

1. स्वतंत्र जाँच: मानवाधिकार हनन और सरकारी लापरवाही के मामलों की निष्पक्ष जाँच करता है।
2. समन जारी करना: गवाहों को समन भेजता है और सरकारी रिकॉर्ड माँगता है।
3. स्थल निरीक्षण: स्थिति का जायजा लेने और तत्काल राहत के निर्देश देने के लिए जेलों या अस्पतालों का दौरा करता है।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

Although the 15th Constitutional Amendment granted voting rights in 1870, state laws created obstacles. Coloured people gained unrestricted right to vote in 1964 following the passage of the Civil Rights Act resulting from the mass Civil Rights Movement.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

यद्यपि 1870 के 15वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा मताधिकार दिया गया था, लेकिन राज्य के कानूनों ने बाधाएँ पैदा कीं। नागरिक अधिकार आंदोलन के परिणामस्वरूप 1964 में नागरिक अधिकार अधिनियम पारित होने के बाद ही अश्वेत लोगों को 1964 में मताधिकार का अप्रतिबंधित अधिकार प्राप्त हुआ।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

1. Advises the government on women’s welfare policies and legislative protections.
2. Investigates complaints regarding domestic violence, dowry harassment, and female foeticide.
3. Protects abandoned/divorced women and helps abolish child marriage.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

1. महिला कल्याण नीतियों और विधायी सुरक्षा उपायों पर सरकार को सलाह देता है।
2. घरेलू हिंसा, दहेज प्रताड़ना और भ्रूणहत्या की शिकायतों की जाँच करता है।
3. परित्यक्ता व तलाकशुदा महिलाओं की मदद करता है और बाल विवाह को समाप्त करने का कार्य करता है।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

The Commission was set up to prevent child labor, child trafficking, and abuse, ensuring that all children aged below 14 years get education, healthcare, and protection even during distressful situations like war.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

आयोग की स्थापना बाल श्रम, बाल तस्करी और बाल शोषण को रोकने तथा यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए की गई थी कि 14 वर्ष से कम उम्र के सभी बच्चों को शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और युद्ध जैसी विषम परिस्थितियों में भी सुरक्षा मिले।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

The main reasons were economic greed derived from slave labor in plantations, alongside deep-seated racial prejudice that falsely treated non-whites as an inferior race unfit for equal civil rights.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

मुख्य कारण बागानों में दास श्रम से जुड़ा आर्थिक लालच था, साथ ही गहरी नस्लीय श्रेष्ठता की भावना थी जो अश्वेतों को हीन मानकर उन्हें समान अधिकारों के अयोग्य समझती थी।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

1. Empowers Citizens: Enables citizens to question government delays in issuing public documents (like ration cards or marksheets).
2. Ensures Transparency: Allows inspection of government works, budget allocations, and official records.
3. Curbs Corruption: Holds officials accountable under threat of daily penalties.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

1. नागरिकों का सशक्तीकरण: नागरिकों को सरकारी दस्तावेजों (जैसे राशन कार्ड या अंकसूची) में देरी पर सवाल उठाने में सक्षम बनाता है।
2. पारदर्शिता: सरकारी कार्यों, बजट आबंटन और रिकॉर्ड के निरीक्षण की अनुमति देता है।
3. भ्रष्टाचार पर रोक: जुर्माना लगाने के प्रावधान से अधिकारियों को जवाबदेह बनाता है।

• English Step-by-Step Answer:

Yes, Indian Fundamental Rights reflect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):

1. Human Dignity & Equality: Right to Equality mirrors international principles of non-discrimination.
2. Freedom & Protection: Freedom of speech, life, and protection against exploitation embody global norms.
3. Legal Enforceability: Indian courts legally enforce these principles, transforming universal ideals into binding statutory rights.

• हिंदी चरण-दर-चरण उत्तर:

हाँ, भारतीय मौलिक अधिकार 1948 के सार्वभौमिक मानवाधिकार घोषणापत्र का प्रतिबिंब हैं:

1. मानवीय गरिमा एवं समानता: समानता का अधिकार अंतर्राष्ट्रीय गैर-भेदभाव के सिद्धांतों को दर्शाता है।
2. स्वतंत्रता एवं संरक्षण: वाक् स्वतंत्रता, जीवन का अधिकार और शोषण से सुरक्षा वैश्विक मानदंडों को समाहित करते हैं।
3. कानूनी प्रवर्तनीयता: भारतीय अदालतें इन सिद्धांतों को वैधानिक अधिकार बनाकर लागू करती हैं।