CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 Solutions: Mineral Resources and Industrialization (खनिज संसाधन एवं औद्योगीकरण) (2026-27)

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CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – Geography (भूगोल) (2026-27 Edition)
  • Chapter 4: Mineral Resources and Industrialization (खनिज संसाधन एवं औद्योगीकरण)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
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SECTION A

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES

Question

Is groundwater a mineral


📝 Question:

Is groundwater a mineral?

💡 Solution:

Under the scientific definition, water is a liquid compound and not a crystalline solid, so pure water is not strictly classified as a mineral in science. However, under geographical and legal broad definitions, groundwater extracted from beneath the earth’s surface is considered a vital natural sub-surface fluid resource. In Indian law, groundwater is governed by water and land laws rather than the Mines Act.

Question 1.2

Is the sand on the banks of a…


📝 Question:

Is the sand on the banks of a river a mineral?

💡 Solution:

Yes, sand found on riverbanks is explicitly classified as a minor mineral under Indian legal definitions (The Mines Act, 1952 / Mines and Minerals Act, 1957) because it is a naturally occurring mineral substance obtained through quarrying or dredging.

Question 1.3

Are buried ornaments that are unearthed minerals


📝 Question:

Are buried ornaments that are unearthed minerals?

💡 Solution:

No, buried ornaments are man-made manufactured artifacts created by human craftsmen. Although the metals (such as gold or silver) used to make them originated from natural mineral ores, the unearthed ornaments themselves are historical/archaeological objects, not natural minerals.

Question 1.4

If all the copper on earth is mined…


📝 Question:

If all the copper on earth is mined, what effect will it have? What can we do to prevent this situation?

💡 Solution:

Effects:** Copper is a critical non-ferrous metallic mineral widely used in electrical wiring, power transmission, electronics, telecommunications, and machinery due to its high electrical conductivity. Exhaustion of copper will stall electrical infrastructure, double the cost of electronics, and disrupt power generation and industrial output.

  • Preventive Measures:
  1. Practice extensive recycling of scrap copper (since metals can be melted and reused continuously).
  2. Develop and use alternative substitute materials, such as aluminum for electrical wiring or fiber optics for telecommunications.
  3. Encourage sustainable extraction and careful utilization without waste.

Question 1.5

If all the coal mines on earth are…


📝 Question:

If all the coal mines on earth are exhausted, what effect will it have? What can we do to prevent this situation?

💡 Solution:

Effects:** Coal is a major non-renewable fossil fuel used for thermal electricity generation and iron-steel smelting. Exhaustion of coal would cause severe global power shortages, industrial shutdown, massive economic disruption, and inflation.

  • Preventive Measures:
  1. Transition rapidly to renewable energy alternatives such as solar power, wind energy, hydroelectricity, and biomass.
  2. Enhance energy efficiency in thermal power plants and manufacturing units to reduce coal consumption per unit of power produced.
  3. Limit coal mining strictly to essential requirements.

Question

Sukhwinder cultivates paddy on his land and earns…


📝 Question:

Sukhwinder cultivates paddy on his land and earns a living by selling the harvest. A coal deposit was discovered under his land. Sukhwinder thought he would mine the coal, sell it in the market and earn a lot of money. Can he do this? Explain with reasons

💡 Solution:

No, Sukhwinder cannot mine and sell the coal found beneath his land on his own initiative.

  • Reasons:
  1. In India, under national mineral laws (such as The Mines Act, 1952 and Mines and Minerals Act, 1957), all minerals found beneath the earth’s surface are considered public property owned collectively by the nation and administered by the central and state governments.
  2. Owning the surface plot of land does NOT give a landowner legal ownership over sub-surface mineral deposits.
  3. Mining can only be lawfully executed by an individual or entity that wins a competitive government auction, receives an official mining lease/license, pays land rent, and pays statutory royalties to the government.

Question

Should private companies be allowed to mine What…


📝 Question:

Should private companies be allowed to mine? What are the advantages/disadvantages for society? Give your views

💡 Solution:

Allowing private companies to mine involves balanced trade-offs

  • Advantages:
  1. Private companies bring advanced foreign technology and heavy capital investment required for deep underground extraction.
  2. Boosts mineral production rapidly to meet growing national industrial demands and creates local employment opportunities.
  3. Generates substantial revenue for governments through fees, taxes, and royalties.
  • Disadvantages:
  1. Private firms focus primarily on maximum short-term profits, often overlooking environmental restoration and post-closure rehabilitation.
  2. Risk of exploiting mine labor through low wages and inadequate safety standards.
  3. Indiscriminate extraction can rapidly exhaust finite national mineral reserves.
  • View: Private companies may be allowed, but strictly under stringent government regulation, mandatory post-mining eco-restoration, and fair royalty structures.

Question 3.2

Should foreign companies be allowed to mine in…


📝 Question:

Should foreign companies be allowed to mine in our country and export the minerals? What are the advantages/disadvantages for society? Give your views

💡 Solution:

Advantages:**

  1. Infuses high-end international technology, automated machinery, and large foreign direct investment (FDI).
  2. Integrates the domestic mining sector with global supply chains, generating foreign exchange.
  • Disadvantages:
  1. Exporting raw unprocessed mineral ores drains non-renewable national wealth to enrich foreign nations while domestic industries face raw material scarcity.
  2. Causes severe environmental destruction and displacement of local tribal communities without long-term local industrial benefit.
  3. Foreign firms repatriate profits abroad rather than reinvesting locally.
  • View: Foreign investment should be restricted to high-tech processing within India rather than raw ore export. Domestically produced minerals should prioritize national manufacturing first.

Question 3.3

What steps should be taken to limit the…


📝 Question:

What steps should be taken to limit the environmental damage caused by open cast mining?

💡 Solution:

To mitigate environmental damage from open cast mining, the following mandatory steps must be implemented

  1. Topsoil Preservation: Topsoil must be scraped separately prior to excavation, stored safely, and re-spread over mined pits during rehabilitation.
  2. Backfilling and Regrassing: Mined pits must be backfilled with overburden debris, covered with preserved topsoil, and planted with fast-growing grasses to prevent erosion.
  3. Phased Afforestation: Systematic tree planting in small plots should be undertaken immediately after abandoning a mine section to restore local ecosystem biomass.
  4. Water & Dust Control: Install water-sprinkling systems along haul roads to suppress dust clouds, and build settling basins to prevent mine runoff from polluting local rivers.

Question 3.4

Mining companies abandon their mines after making a…


📝 Question:

Mining companies abandon their mines after making a profit. What long term impact does this have on the tribal population that has been living in the region for generations? How can this problem be resolved?

💡 Solution:

Long-term Impact on Tribal Populations:**

  1. Displacement and Loss of Livelihood: Destroys natural forests, clean water sources, and agricultural land on which tribal livelihoods depend, dispossessing them of traditional territories.
  2. Severe Hazards: Deep, unsecured abandoned mine shafts (often hundreds of feet deep) collect water, causing deadly accidents where children and livestock fall and lose their lives.
  3. Health Risks & Pollution: Disperses toxic mine dust and pollutes groundwater, causing chronic lung diseases and health crises.
  • Solutions:
  1. Enforce Post-Closure Laws: Strictly implement legal mandates requiring companies to restore abandoned land to pre-mining conditions or productive agricultural/forest land before releasing lease bonds.
  2. Community Consent & Profit Sharing: Enforce Gram Sabha consent provisions and allocate local mineral development funds directly for tribal welfare, healthcare, and alternative livelihoods.

In-Text Q4

Can you tell the advantages of producing jaggery…


📝 Question:

Can you tell the advantages of producing jaggery near to sugarcane fields?

💡 Solution:

Reasons/Advantages:**

  1. Weight Loss During Transport: Sugarcane is a heavy, bulky, weight-losing raw material. Transporting processed jaggery/sugar is far cheaper than transporting heavy raw sugarcane.
  2. Sucrose Loss Prevention: Sugarcane begins losing its sucrose content rapidly within 24 hours of harvesting. Processing sugarcane in nearby mills maximizes jaggery yield.

Question 4.2

Find out where and to whom sugarcane farmers…


📝 Question:

Find out where and to whom sugarcane farmers of Chhattisgarh sell their crops?

💡 Solution:

SECTION B

END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES

SECTION / EXERCISE

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.1

In Indias east coast states we have __________…


📝 Question:

In India’s east coast states we have __________ and __________ industrial regions, whereas in west coast states we have __________ and __________ industrial regions

💡 Solution:

The Hugli, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur; Mumbai-Pune, Gujarat**.

Question 1.2

Chhattisgarhs slurry pipeline has been constructed to carry…


📝 Question:

Chhattisgarh’s slurry pipeline has been constructed to carry iron ore mined in __________ mines to

💡 Solution:

Bailadila, Visakhapatnam**.

Question 1.3

Automobile industry is located in Indias __________ and…


📝 Question:

Automobile industry is located in India’s __________ and __________ industrial regions

💡 Solution:

Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut, Mumbai-Pune**.

Question

Which minerals are important sources of energy


📝 Question:

Which minerals are important sources of energy?

💡 Solution:

The key minerals that serve as major sources of energy are

Q2

Which metallic mineral is most abundantly found in…


📝 Question:

Which metallic mineral is most abundantly found in India?

💡 Solution:

(Iron Ore) , , , ,

Q3

What was the objective of the first mineralrelated…


📝 Question:

What was the objective of the first mineral-related law enacted after independence?

💡 Solution:

The first major mineral law enacted after independence was The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. Its core objectives were to establish sovereign state ownership over sub-surface mineral wealth, classify minerals into systematic categories (Atomic, Mineral Oil, Major, and Minor minerals), regulate legal mining leases, ensure national resource conservation, and direct mineral utilization toward public interest and national industrialization.

Q4

When did foreign companies get permission to mine…


📝 Question:

When did foreign companies get permission to mine in India?

💡 Solution:

Foreign companies received permission to invest and conduct mining operations in India following the announcement of the New Mineral Policy in 1993 as part of the economic liberalization process initiated in 1991. Subsequently, statutory amendments were made to the Mining Acts in 1994, 1999, and 2008 to open the mining sector to foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations.

Q5

What type of industries is established close to…


📝 Question:

What type of industries is established close to sources of raw material; and what type of industries are established close to the market?

💡 Solution:

Industries established close to raw material sources:** Heavy, bulky, or weight-losing raw material industries, such as Iron and Steel (requires heavy iron ore and coal), Cement (limestone), and Sugar/Jaggery (sugarcane).

  • Industries established close to the market: Weight-gaining, perishable, or market-sensitive industries, such as Bakery and Food Processing, Furniture, Garments, Glassware, and Service/Assembly units.

Q6

What is the role of banks in the…


📝 Question:

What is the role of banks in the establishment of industries?

💡 Solution:

Banks play a vital role in establishing and sustaining industries by

  1. Providing Capital Loans: Supplying long-term and short-term credit capital needed for purchasing factory land, machinery, and technology.
  2. Working Capital & Financial Services: Offering working capital for daily operations, raw material purchase, and wage payments, alongside trade guarantees, international credit letters, and digital payment systems.

Q7

Why is it that only the government invests…


📝 Question:

Why is it that only the government invests in industries in backward regions?

💡 Solution:

Only the government invests in backward regions because

  1. Lack of Infrastructure: Backward areas lack essential infrastructure like good transport, continuous power, skilled labor, and markets, making initial private investments unprofitable.
  2. Public Welfare Focus: Private capitalists invest solely for profit, whereas the government invests with a social welfare objective to reduce regional disparities, generate rural employment, and uplift disadvantaged communities.

Q8

What is the difference between hydel power and…


📝 Question:

What is the difference between hydel power and thermal power?

💡 Solution:

| | (Hydel Power) | (Thermal Power) |

| | -; | , (Fly ash) |

Q9

What are the negative environmental impacts of mining…


📝 Question:

What are the negative environmental impacts of mining? What are the possible means to curb this negative impact?

💡 Solution:

Negative Environmental Impacts:**

  1. Massive deforestation and ecosystem destruction (over 186,000 hectares destroyed since 1981).
  2. Severe water pollution from mineral washing debris dumped into river valleys (e.g. Shankhini and Bhadra rivers).
  3. Land degradation and formation of hazardous open pits that trap rainwater and cause land subsidence.
  4. Air pollution from mine dust clouds causing lung diseases in workers and locals.
  • Measures to Curb Negative Impact:
  1. Mandatory separate topsoil preservation and backfilling of abandoned mines.
  2. Extensive afforestation and grass-turfing over restored mining sites.
  3. Strict installation of effluent treatment plants and dust suppressors.

Q10

What should be done to minimize the impact…


📝 Question:

What should be done to minimize the impact of mining on local communities and what measures can be undertaken to ensure that they benefit from mining operations?

💡 Solution:

Minimizing Impact:**

  1. Mandatory, transparent consent from local tribal communities and Gram Sabhas prior to lease granting.
  2. Strict implementation of environmental safety norms to prevent water contamination and dust exposure.
  • Ensuring Local Benefits:
  1. Allocate a fixed share of mining royalties into local District Mineral Foundations (DMF) dedicated to local healthcare, schools, and clean water.
  2. Provide guaranteed employment, technical skill training, and fair financial compensation to displaced families.

Q11

What should be done to ensure that the…


📝 Question:

What should be done to ensure that the whole country and not just a few investors gain from mining activities?

💡 Solution:

To ensure nationwide benefit from mining

  1. Transparent public auctions of mining leases to secure maximum competitive royalty rates and taxes for the national treasury.
  2. Utilize mining revenues exclusively for public welfare infrastructure, healthcare, education, and national development projects.
  3. Mandate domestic value addition and processing within India rather than exporting low-value raw ores.

Q12

What can be done to make capital and…


📝 Question:

What can be done to make capital and technology available for mining? How could national interests be threatened in the process?

💡 Solution:

Making Capital & Technology Available:** Encourage joint ventures between public sector units and reputed private/foreign mining enterprises, adopt public-private partnerships (PPP), and facilitate low-interest bank credit.

  • Threats to National Interests:
  1. Uncontrolled entry of foreign firms can lead to over-exploitation and rapid depletion of critical strategic minerals.
  2. Loss of sovereign control over strategic resources like uranium, crude oil, and rare earth elements.
  3. Repatriation of heavy profits abroad without long-term domestic development.

Q13

What are the advantages and disadvantages of permitting…


📝 Question:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of permitting foreign companies to enter the mining industry?

💡 Solution:

Advantages:**

  1. Brings advanced extraction technology and heavy capital investment required for complex underground mining.
  2. Enhances domestic production efficiency and links domestic mining to international markets.
  • Disadvantages:
  1. Rapid depletion of non-renewable national resources driven by export profits.
  2. Heavy profits are remitted abroad rather than reinvested in the host nation.
  3. Indifference toward local environmental degradation and community welfare.

Q14

The districts in India with the most abundant…


📝 Question:

The districts in India with the most abundant mineral resources are also the regions that are least developed and where the poorest people live. Why is this so in your opinion?

💡 Solution:

  1. : ,
  2. :
  3. : ,

Q15

Why have industries migrated from developed to developing…


📝 Question:

Why have industries migrated from developed to developing nations in the last 50 years? Explain with examples

💡 Solution:

Industries have migrated from developed nations (like USA, UK, Western Europe) to developing nations (like India, China, Vietnam) due to

  1. Cheap and Abundant Labor: Developing nations offer vast pools of labor willing to work for significantly lower wage rates.
  2. Lenient Environmental & Tax Regulations: Developing nations often have lower environmental compliance costs and offer tax concessions to attract foreign capital.
  3. Expanding Local Markets: Fast-growing populations in developing countries create huge local consumer demand.
  • Example: Global automobile and textile manufacturing shifted heavily from the US/UK to Asia (China and India).

Q16

Why are industrial regions unstable Why do industries…


📝 Question:

Why are industrial regions unstable? Why do industries shift out of locations that they were well established in?

💡 Solution:

Industrial regions are inherently unstable and subject to relocation because

  1. Exhaustion of Local Raw Materials: When local mineral deposits dry up, raw material transport costs rise, rendering factories unprofitable.
  2. Rising Production Costs: Mature industrial hubs face skyrocketing land prices, high wage demands from organized unions, and strict local pollution regulations.
  3. Technological Obsolescence: Emergence of newer, faster technologies (e.g. power looms replacing old textile mills in Mumbai) shifts manufacturing to new low-cost locations.

Q17

What is the relation between labor and market…


📝 Question:

What is the relation between labor and market development?

💡 Solution:

Labor and market development share a direct, interdependent economic relationship

  1. Purchasing Power Generation: Laborers employed in industries earn steady wages, converting them into active consumers with disposable income.
  2. Market Expansion: As labor earnings rise, consumer demand for manufactured goods, housing, clothing, and services expands rapidly, creating vibrant local and regional markets.
  3. Feedback Loop: Expanding markets attract newer industries, generating further employment and skilled labor demand [30, 33Plugin].

SECTION / EXERCISE

3. Project Work

Question 1

Project Question 1 Make a list of major…


📝 Question:

Project Question 1: Make a list of major industrial areas in Chhattisgarh. What are the predominant industries of that region and why are they located there? Make a detailed report and develop posters highlighting features of each of these regions.

💡 Solution:

Project Report:

  • Major Industrial Region of Chhattisgarh: Durg-Raipur-Bilaspur-Korba Industrial Belt.
  • Predominant Industries & Reasons for Location:
  1. Bhilai (Durg district): Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). Reasons: Abundant high-grade iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara/Bailadila, coal from Korba/Jharia, limestone from Nandini, and water from Tandula dam.
  2. Korba: Thermal Power Plants (NTPC, CSEB) and Aluminium Industry (BALCO). Reasons: Vast Korba coalfields and abundant water from Hasdeo river.
  3. Raipur-Naya Raipur: Agro-based industries (Rice mills, Solvent extraction), Sponge Iron, and Heavy Engineering. Reasons: Excellent rail/road connectivity and surrounding fertile paddy belt.
  4. Bilaspur-Champa: Power generation, Silk/Tassar weaving, and Cement factories. Reasons: Nearby coal mines, limestone deposits, and Hasdeo river water.

1 :

  1. : (BSP) : -/ , ,
  2. : (NTPC) (BALCO) :
  3. : , :
  4. -: , :

Question 2

Project Question 2 Develop a play on the…


📝 Question:

Project Question 2: Develop a play on the condition of skilled and unskilled and organized and unorganized labor of Chhattisgarh.

💡 Solution:

Outline of Script:

  • Characters:
  • Ramesh: Skilled worker in an organized factory (Bhilai Steel Plant) enjoying fixed wages, job security, health insurance, and provident fund.
  • Suresh: Unskilled migrant laborer in an unorganized brick kiln/mine with no job contract, low daily wages, long hazardous working hours, and no healthcare.
  • Scene 1: Dialogue contrasting job security, safety gear, and hospital benefits of organized sector vs plight of unorganized daily wagers.
  • Scene 2: Discussion on the necessity of government labor laws, skill development centers, and minimum wage enforcement in Chhattisgarh.

2 :

(Script Outline):

  • 1: ,
  • 2: ,

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