CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 10 Solutions: End of Colonialism and the Cold War (उपनिवेशवाद का अंत और शीत युद्ध) (2026-27)

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CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – History (इतिहास) (2026-27 Edition)
  • Chapter 10: End of Colonialism and the Cold War (उपनिवेशवाद का अंत और शीत युद्ध)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
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Question

What are the differences between an independent country…


📝 Question:

What are the differences between an independent country and a colony? Discuss in class

💡 Solution:

An independent country possesses complete political sovereignty, controls its own natural and economic resources, makes its own laws, and its citizens enjoy economic freedom and cultural self-respect. In contrast, a colony’s political power is held by a foreign imperialist nation, its economy is exploited by supplying cheap raw materials and buying foreign finished goods, its people are heavily taxed, and its citizens are culturally indoctrinated to accept foreign superiority.

Question 1

What were the similarities and differences between the…


📝 Question:

What were the similarities and differences between the situation in Britain and France after the Second World War?

💡 Solution:

Similarities**: Both Britain and France were old imperialist powers whose economies were severely crippled by the cost of fighting the Second World War. Both required financial support from the United States of America (USA) to rebuild their shattered economies and faced heavy debts that made retaining their colonies economically unbearable.

  • Differences: Britain recognized that maintaining large colonies like India was financially unbearable and granted freedom to its major Asian colonies soon after the war. France, on the other hand, attempted to retain its hold or preserve its interests through treaties and referendums, resulting in prolonged armed conflicts in colonies like Vietnam.

Question 2

British and French economists claimed on the basis…


📝 Question:

British and French economists claimed on the basis of their assessments that their countries would sink into debt if they retained their colonies. What were the reasons for their claim? Do you think that the same conditions prevailed in these countries before the outbreak of the world war?

💡 Solution:

Economists made this claim because the post-war cost of military maintenance, administration, and suppressing national freedom movements in colonies exceeded the revenue collected from them. Additionally, during the war, Britain became heavily indebted to colonial governments (such as India) from which it took large war loans. Before the World War, conditions were completely different: colonies generated huge revenues, supplied cheap raw materials, served as captive markets, and were indebted to the imperial powers rather than the imperial powers being indebted to them.

Question 3

What were the similarities and differences in the…


📝 Question:

What were the similarities and differences in the policies of America and USSR towards the colonial countries?

💡 Solution:

Similarities**: Both the USA and the USSR opposed traditional European colonialism, exerted pressure on imperialist nations to grant independence, and sought to gain the allegiance and political influence of newly independent nations.

  • Differences: The USSR extended support to communist and socialist political parties, worker-peasant revolutions, and anti-imperialist revolutionary movements (e.g., in China, Vietnam, and Korea). The USA supported the local wealthy upper classes, landowners, and capitalist/democratic forces, aiming to establish military bases and encircle Russia to prevent the spread of communism.

Question 4

You must have learnt about nonalignment in the…


📝 Question:

You must have learnt about ‘non-alignment’ in the political science chapters. Why do you think nonalignment was important after 1945?

💡 Solution:

After 1945, the world became divided into two competing power blocs led by the USA and the USSR, pulling newly independent nations into Cold War rivalries and neo-colonial debt traps. Non-alignment was crucial because it enabled newly liberated Asian and African countries to preserve their hard-won sovereignty, avoid joining military alliances, focus scarce resources on national economic development, and promote global peace without becoming pawns in superpower conflict.

Question 1

You may have read in class 9 about…


📝 Question:

You may have read in class 9 about uprisings that occurred in different colonies. Recall what you read about the rebellions in China and Indonesia and share their main aspects with the class

💡 Solution:

Rebellions in China (1911 Nationalist revolution and the 1949 Communist revolution) and Indonesia (anti-Dutch armed uprisings and resistance during Japanese occupation) challenged foreign imperial domination and intellectual colonialism. Key aspects included mobilizing workers and peasants against foreign occupiers, opposing feudal elites, and building collective national consciousness.

Question 2

What were the main phases and events in…


📝 Question:

What were the main phases and events in the Indian freedom movement between 1905 and 1945? Discuss them in class

💡 Solution:

The main phases included

  1. Swadeshi Movement (1905): Sparked by the partition of Bengal.
  2. Gandhian Mass Movements: Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
  3. Provincial Governance (1935): Expansion of elections under the Government of India Act 1935.
  4. Quit India Movement (1942): The peak mass struggle during WWII.
  5. Armed & Military Rebellions (1942-1946): Indian National Army (INA) struggles and the Royal Indian Navy revolt.

Question 3

Is the spirit of nationalism required to end…


📝 Question:

Is the spirit of nationalism required to end colonialism and win freedom?

💡 Solution:

Yes, nationalism is essential because it acts as a unifying thread that bridges diverse social groups separated by tribe, caste, language, region, and religion into a single platform against foreign rule. It helps colonized citizens overcome intellectual indoctrination and build collective self-respect.

Question 4

Can people speaking different languages and following different…


📝 Question:

Can people speaking different languages and following different religions constitute a nation? If one language or religion dominates, what impact will it have on the nation?

💡 Solution:

Yes, people with diverse languages and religions can form a strong nation if democratic principles, mutual respect, and equal representation are guaranteed for all groups (as in India). However, if one language or religion dominates, it creates internal apprehensions, communal distrust, marginalization of minorities, and can spark civil conflict or national partition (e.g., the partition of India).

Question 5

Is a nation a combination of the rights…


📝 Question:

Is a nation a combination of the rights of peasants, workers, traders, industrialists, landowners, men, women, etc or is it something that goes beyond everyone’s rights? Discuss with examples

💡 Solution:

A nation is both a combination of the rights of all its diverse social classes and an overarching entity that transcends individual class interests. For example, during India’s national movement, leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel transcended elite class origins to accommodate the rights of peasants, workers, and adivasis while weaving them into a broader national movement for common sovereignty.

Question 6

What impact did the absence of democratic traditions…


📝 Question:

What impact did the absence of democratic traditions have on the process of decolonization?

💡 Solution:

In countries lacking long-standing democratic traditions, popular franchise, and political organizations, decolonization often led to post-independence political instability, military rule, or dictatorships (e.g., in Nigeria and Indonesia). Power was frequently seized by military factions or elite groups backed by foreign powers rather than remaining with the people.

Question 1

What role did Japan play in Indonesias independence


📝 Question:

What role did Japan play in Indonesia’s independence?

💡 Solution:

Japan ended Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia during WWII. Japan allowed the local language to be used in place of Dutch and permitted nationalist leaders like Sukarno to organize people. Although Japan exploited Indonesia’s resources and forced labor, Sukarno declared independence on August 17, 1945, with Japanese consent as Japan faced defeat.

Question 2

The Dutch colonial regime wanted to break Indonesia…


📝 Question:

The Dutch colonial regime wanted to break Indonesia up into several independent states while the nationalists opposed the move. What was the reason for their conflicting policies?

💡 Solution:

The Dutch wanted to divide Indonesia into smaller states to weaken the central nationalist government led by Sukarno, maintain indirect control, and protect Dutch commercial interests. Indonesian nationalists opposed this divide-and-rule strategy because they wanted a unified republic capable of preserving sovereignty and managing national wealth independently.

Question 3

Why couldnt democracy be established in Indonesia until…


📝 Question:

Why couldn’t democracy be established in Indonesia until 1998?

💡 Solution:

Parliamentary democracy failed after the 1955 elections due to inter-party instability and regional rebellions backed by the USA. Sukarno imposed President’s Rule (“Guided Democracy”) with communist support. In 1965, following a bloody army purge of communists, General Suharto ousted Sukarno and established a military dictatorship backed by the USA, which ruled until democracy was restored in 1998.

Question 4

In what way was the nationalization of British…


📝 Question:

In what way was the nationalization of British and Dutch companies important for Indonesia’s independence?

💡 Solution:

Nationalizing British and Dutch companies transferred control of vital economic assets, plantations, and mineral resources from foreign corporate hands to the national government, eliminating economic enslavement and fulfilling genuine economic independence.

Question 1

What similarities and differences do you see in…


📝 Question:

What similarities and differences do you see in the national movements in India and Vietnam?

💡 Solution:

Similarities**: Both movements fought against powerful European imperial powers (Britain in India, France in Vietnam), mobilized poor rural peasants, executed land reforms, and suffered national partition (India/Pakistan, North/South Vietnam).

  • Differences: India’s national struggle was predominantly non-violent and resulted in a multi-party parliamentary democracy, whereas Vietnam engaged in prolonged armed liberation wars against France and the USA, resulting in a single-party communist state.

Question 2

What impact did the rivalry between USA and…


📝 Question:

What impact did the rivalry between USA and USSR have on Vietnam?

💡 Solution:

Cold War rivalry caused the bifurcation of Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The USA installed a puppet regime in South Vietnam, deployed troops, carpet-bombed North Vietnam, and used chemical weapons (Agent Orange). The USSR provided military and financial aid to the Viet Minh government in North Vietnam, turning Vietnam into a deadly proxy war battleground.

Question 3

What was the importance of land reform in…


📝 Question:

What was the importance of land reform in Vietnam’s freedom movement?

💡 Solution:

Land reforms abolished feudal landlordism, redistributed land to poor peasants and landless laborers, and made them owner-tillers. This earned the Viet Minh the unwavering support of the rural peasant majority, who became the primary force driving victory against French and American forces.

Question 1

What impact did a weak middle class and…


📝 Question:

What impact did a weak middle class and administration by tribal chieftains have on nationalism in Africa?

💡 Solution:

Colonial powers established few educational institutions, preventing the growth of an educated middle class capable of leading a unified national movement. Administering the interior through tribal chieftains reinforced regional and tribal loyalties over national identity, resulting in post-independence instability, military coups, and civil wars.

Question 2

What problems did the working class face in…


📝 Question:

What problems did the working class face in Africa? How did the nationalist spirit develop in this class?

💡 Solution:

African workers in railways, mines, and harbors faced low wages, poor working conditions, and wage disparity compared to white workers. Because the working class was spread across the continent, their struggles developed a pan-African movement and a sense of working-class brotherhood against European imperialism.

Question 3

What do these two cartoons depict about the…


📝 Question:

What do these two cartoons depict about the process of decolonization?

💡 Solution:

The cartoons depict how the decolonization process involved imperial powers attempting to retain indirect control or transfer power to preferred local elites, while local working classes and citizens organized mass strikes, protests, and resistance to achieve genuine political freedom and self-rule.

  • a) Indonesian nationalist Sukarno was the country’s first president.
  • b) Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh was the country’s first president.
  • c) Nigerian nationalist Nnamdi Azikiwe was the country’s first president.
  • d) Indonesia’s freedom movement sought independence from Holland (the Netherlands / Dutch rule).
  • e) Vietnam fought against France and USA (America) in its freedom movement.
Question

What were the similarities and differences between the…


📝 Question:

What were the similarities and differences between the Indian freedom movement and Africa’s freedom movements?

💡 Solution:

Similarities**: Both Indian and African freedom struggles fought against European imperialist exploitation, organized working-class resistance, and opposed imperialist divide-and-rule tactics.

  • Differences
  1. Leadership: India possessed a large educated middle class and a national democratic party (Congress), whereas African colonies lacked an educated middle class due to colonial policies.
  2. Nature of Movement: India’s struggle was primarily non-violent and nationwide, whereas African movements were often pan-African worker movements or divided along tribal lines.
  3. Post-Independence Stability: India established a durable democratic constitution and electoral system, whereas many African countries (e.g., Nigeria) faced civil wars and military dictatorships.

Question 3

Three Asian countries India Vietnam and Indonesia carried…


📝 Question:

Three Asian countries – India, Vietnam and Indonesia – carried out land reforms after they became independent. Compare the land reforms in these three countries

💡 Solution:

Vietnam**: Implemented radical communist land reforms in North Vietnam by abolishing feudal landlordism, fixing land ceilings, confiscating landlord estates, and distributing land to poor and landless peasants, turning them into owner-tillers.

  • Indonesia: Enacted land reform laws under Sukarno’s government to distribute land to poor peasants and nationalize Dutch and British plantations, but implementation was disrupted by USA-backed military interventions and Suharto’s regime.
  • India: Implemented land reforms through constitutional democratic legislation by abolishing the Zamindari system, enacting land ceiling laws, and protecting tenant rights while avoiding violent liquidations.

Question 4

What were the problems in establishing democracy in…


📝 Question:

What were the problems in establishing democracy in Indonesia and Nigeria? How did India resolve these problems?

💡 Solution:

Problems in Indonesia & Nigeria**: Both nations faced deep ethnic/tribal antagonisms, lack of democratic experience, absence of an educated middle class, military coups, superpower Cold War interventions, and foreign corporate exploitation of natural resources (e.g., oil in Nigeria).

  • How India Resolved Them: India possessed democratic franchise experience since 1880, an extensive primary and higher education system creating an aware middle class, a unified national organization (Congress), and drafted a democratic Constitution establishing universal adult franchise to accommodate all languages, castes, and religions peacefully.

Question 5

What was the role of nuclear weapons in…


📝 Question:

What was the role of nuclear weapons in the Cold War?

💡 Solution:

Nuclear weapons established a state of “Mutually Assured Destruction” (MAD). While fear of global nuclear annihilation prevented direct war between the USA and the USSR, it led to a dangerous arms race, the deployment of nuclear missiles worldwide, proxy wars in client nations, and the threat of catastrophic accidental ignition.

Question 6

How was nuclear disarmament made possible


📝 Question:

How was nuclear disarmament made possible?

💡 Solution:

Nuclear disarmament was made possible by

  1. Global Peace Movements: Mass protests by millions of citizens, women, and intellectuals across Europe and America demanding the abolition of nuclear weapons.
  2. Economic Burden: Severe economic crippling of the USSR and other nations caused by the arms race.
  3. Disarmament Treaties: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) culminating in the Reykjavik and Washington treaties signed by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev to reduce nuclear arsenals.

Question 7

What impacts of the Cold War can you…


📝 Question:

What impacts of the Cold War can you see in the world today?

💡 Solution:

Key contemporary impacts of the Cold War include

  1. Global Terrorism: Triggered by the arming of fundamentalist guerrilla groups by superpowers during proxy conflicts (e.g., Afghanistan).
  2. Neo-Colonial Economic Control: Continued control of vital natural resources in developing nations by foreign multinational corporations (e.g., oil exploration in Nigeria).
  3. Divided Nations: Ongoing geopolitical division between North and South Korea.
  4. Military Spending: Excessive global budget allocation toward armaments rather than social welfare.

Q28

Project Work


📝 Question:

Project Work*

💡 Solution:

  • Task: Find out about the freedom movement in any other country by searching the internet or referring to a library. Prepare a poster exhibition of your research. Display it in the class.
  • Sample Master Project Solution (South Africa’s Anti-Apartheid Freedom Movement)
  • Country: South Africa.
  • Colonial Power / Regime: White Minority Colonial Regime enforcing Apartheid (racial segregation).
  • Key Leaders: Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and the African National Congress (ANC).
  • Main Events
  1. Defiance Campaign & Sharpeville Demonstration: Passive resistance against racial segregation laws.
  2. Imprisonment of Leaders: Nelson Mandela imprisoned for 27 years on Robben Island.
  3. Global Boycott: Worldwide economic sanctions and UN resolutions condemning Apartheid.
  4. Democratic Victory (1994): First non-racial democratic election electing Nelson Mandela as President.
  • Poster Exhibition Layout Instructions
  • Panel 1: Map of South Africa and definition of Apartheid.
  • Panel 2: Photos and biography of Nelson Mandela and ANC leaders.
  • Panel 3: Timeline of key protests (1912 – 1994).
  • Panel 4: Slogans promoting racial equality and global human rights.
  • : , (ANC)
  2. : 27
  4. (1994):
  • 1
  • 2: ANC
  • 3: (1912 – 1994)
  • 4

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