CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6 Solutions: Human Settlement (मानव अधिवास) (2026-27)

(b) earthquakes**

(c) linear model**

(c) city* (Note: According to the textbook classification table on page 77, towns have 5000 to 10,000 population, cities have over 1 lakh, metropolises have 10 to 50 lakh, and megalopolises have over 50 lakh. Settlements in the 1 to 10 lakh range fall under the city category).*

(a) Tames river**

(Tames) **

A home is a basic fundamental need for human beings because

1. It provides protection against natural elements like extreme heat, cold, rain, wind, and wild animals.
2. It offers personal security, privacy, solitude, and safe storage for food and belongings.
3. It serves as a social center for family living, child rearing, and cultural practices.

A Kral is a traditionally constructed, highly secure circular house or cattle enclosure built by the nomadic Masai pastoralist community of East Africa. It is made using thorns, mud, and wooden stakes specifically designed to protect their families and livestock from predatory wild animals.

Characteristics of traditional houses in Rajasthan include

1. Flat Roofs: Designed with flat rooftops due to low annual rainfall.
2. Thick Walls: Constructed with thick mud or stone walls to prevent outdoor desert heat from entering the living areas.
3. Pond-Centric Settlement: Houses are clustered tightly around water bodies like ponds or wells due to acute water scarcity.
4. Use of Local Stone: Widespread usage of locally quarried stones and marble.

Village Baktara (located near the International Cricket Stadium in Arang block, Raipur district of Chhattisgarh) is included under the PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) scheme.

In Britain, the main entrance of houses is built facing east or south-east to shield the house from the direct impact of strong, freezing westerly winds blowing in that maritime region, while simultaneously receiving maximum sunlight.

Climatic factors directly govern house design and construction materials

1. Temperature: Frigid/temperate regions keep east-facing doors for sunlight; tropical hot areas build thick walls, overhangs, and shades to repel sun heat.
2. Rainfall: High rainfall zones construct steep sloping roofs and use tin sheets; arid zones build flat-roofed mud/stone houses.
3. Wind Direction: Coastal or windy regions align house entrances away from dominant wind directions to avoid structural damage.
4. Natural Disasters: Earthquake-prone zones (like Japan) construct lightweight wooden homes to minimize hazard risks.

Uncontrolled urbanization creates three major urban crises

1. Environmental Degradation: Industrial and vehicular air pollution; severe river contamination (e.g., Yamuna functioning like a large sewage drain near Delhi, Ganga polluted by Kanpur leather tanneries); noise levels reaching 70-80 decibels. Paved ground stops rainwater seepage, lowering groundwater levels.
2. Housing & Slums: Rural-urban migrants settle in congested, illegal slum hutments without clean drinking water, sanitation, or garbage disposal.
3. Unemployment & Wage Exploitation: Rapid population growth outstrips city employment creation, causing labor exploitation, poverty, and social unrest.

| | (Rural Settlement) | (Urban Settlement) |

The evolution of a city progresses through six distinct evolutionary stages

Answer & Project Survey Guide:

1. Linear Settlement Model: Found along national/state highways and main railway lines in our district. Reason: Ease of commercial transport and access to buses/trains.
2. Circular Settlement Model: Found in older rural interior villages surrounding a central community pond or temple. Reason: Community safety and access to the shared central water body.
3. Radial Settlement Model: Observed near major district road junctions and pilgrimage locations (e.g., Dongargarh, Ratanpur, or Rajim). Reason: Roads converge toward the central religious/market hub.
4. Compact Urban Grid: Present in the central market sectors of cities like Raipur, Durg, or Bilaspur. Reason: High commercial land values and dense business operations.
5. (Linear Model): :
6. (Circular Model): :
7. (Radial Model): :
8. (Compact Urban Grid): , :