CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 13 Solutions: The Constitution, Government System and their Social Concerns (संविधान, शासन व्यवस्था और सामाजिक सरोकार) (2026-27)

If all decisions are taken solely by the central government, decision making becomes highly centralized and distant from local realities. Local problems, specific regional needs, and grassroot aspirations of common citizens will be ignored or delayed because national authorities cannot understand every village’s unique conditions. It also weakens democratic participation as local citizens have no say in managing their own affairs.

If all decisions are taken exclusively at the panchayat level, national issues like defense, foreign affairs, atomic energy, currency, railways, and interstate trade would lack uniform policy and unified command. Different panchayats might pass conflicting laws, threatening the national unity, security, and economic integration of the country. Therefore, a balance between central authority for national subjects and local panchayats for local development is necessary.

The two houses of the Indian Parliament are

1. Lok Sabha (House of the People / Lower House)
2. Rajya Sabha (Council of States / Upper House)

The Lok Sabha has members who are directly elected by all adult voters of the country through universal adult suffrage.

Laws are enacted through the following process: A proposed law (Bill) is drafted by the ministry or private member, scrutinized by a parliamentary subcommittee, and introduced in either house of Parliament. After three readings and detailed debate, it must be passed by a majority vote in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Finally, when the President gives assent to the passed bill, it becomes an Act (Law).

Students should watch parliamentary channels (like Sansad TV) during Question Hour, Zero Hour, or debates on major bills, observing how MPs ask questions to ministers, how ministers reply, and how the Speaker maintains order in the house.

Few women contest parliamentary elections due to deep-rooted patriarchal social mindsets, lack of financial resources and muscle power required for elections, political party reluctance in awarding election tickets to women candidates, and household responsibilities burdening women.

Two houses are needed because

1. Rajya Sabha represents the interests of states in the federal union.
2. It allows field experts, scientists, and writers to enter Parliament without contesting direct elections.
3. It ensures that bills are debated twice, preventing hasty or flawed legislation.

• If there were only a Lok Sabha, laws might be passed in haste under political majority pressure without adequate review, and the interests of state governments might be overlooked.

For smaller states, a single house (Vidhan Sabha) is sufficient and saves state revenue and administrative time. However, in geographically large and highly populated states, a second house (Vidhan Parishad / Legislative Council) can be beneficial to ensure representation of diverse professionals, local bodies, and experts, and to provide double scrutiny of state legislation.

Collect clippings of Rajya Sabha news reports regarding debates on national policy, private member bills, or discussions on state issues, and analyze the role played by the Upper House in lawmaking.

The election to the Lok Sabha requires extensive campaigning with voting taking place in every neighbourhood across the country, because its members are elected directly by the people.

Lok Sabha: Minimum age is 25 years**.

• Rajya Sabha: Minimum age is 30 years.

The Lok Sabha has more members (maximum 552) compared to the Rajya Sabha (maximum 250). The reason for this difference is that Lok Sabha members directly represent the entire voting population of India partitioned into electoral constituencies based on demography, whereas Rajya Sabha represents the constituent states and union territories.

Parliament depends on the executive because almost all important bills are drafted and presented by the Council of Ministers (executive) and senior administrative bureaucrats. Without the cabinet’s initiative and majority support, it is difficult for any bill to be introduced and passed in Parliament.

It has both effects

• Positive: The executive possesses technical administrative data and legal machinery to draft detailed, realistic laws.
• Negative: Executive dominance can reduce Parliament to a mere ratifying body where opposition inputs are ignored by the ruling majority party.

The most important function for protecting democracy is controlling the executive and holding it answerable to the legislature through question hour, debates, and no-confidence motions, as well as preserving the power to debate freely as the nation’s highest forum.

If the Lok Sabha fails to pass the annual Union Budget, it signifies that the government has lost its legislative majority. As a consequence, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers must immediately resign, leading to the collapse of the government.

Rajya Sabha:** Ex-officio Chairperson is the Vice President of India; Vice Chairperson is the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

• Lok Sabha: Chairperson is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha; Vice Chairperson is the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Chhattisgarh has 11 seats in the Lok Sabha.

• List of 11 Constituencies: 1. Surguja (ST), 2. Raigarh (ST), 3. Janjgir-Champa (SC), 4. Korba, 5. Bilaspur, 6. Rajnandgaon, 7. Durg, 8. Raipur, 9. Mahasamund, 10. Kanker (ST), 11. Bastar (ST).

Chhattisgarh has 5 seats in the Rajya Sabha.

Students should collect news clippings during a Parliament session and organize them into charts under headings: Legislative (passing bills), Financial (budget discussions), Executive Control (Question Hour), and Electoral/Judicial functions.

In India’s parliamentary system, the President is the nominal constitutional head, while real executive power resides in the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers who are directly elected by and answerable to the Lok Sabha. Under Article 74(1) of the Constitution, the President must exercise all functions on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, ensuring that democratic power stays with elected representatives.

True Statement: (b)**

• Reason: In a parliamentary democracy, a person must enjoy the confidence/support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (at least 272 out of 543 members). Statement (a) is false because if the largest single party lacks majority support, a coalition of other parties commanding a majority can form the government. Statement (c) is false because total unanimous support from all opposition parties is never required.

Advantages of a multi-tiered judicial system (Subordinate Courts -> District Courts -> High Courts -> Supreme Court) include

1. Accessibility for citizens to seek justice near their homes at local levels.
2. Opportunity to file appeals in higher courts against flawed judgments of lower courts.
3. Reduction of overburdening on the apex court.

Independence of the judiciary is crucial to ensure impartial justice under the ‘Rule of Law’, to protect citizens’ Fundamental Rights against government overreach, and to prevent powerful politicians or executives from influencing court decisions.

The role of politicians is limited through the Collegium System, where potential candidate names for judgeship are recommended to the President by a body comprising the Chief Justice of India and four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court, preventing political interference in judicial selection.

The established tradition is the Collegium System, which requires consultation among a panel of senior judges rather than relying on the sole personal opinion of the Chief Justice alone.

Citizens can directly approach the High Courts (under Article 226) and the Supreme Court of India (under Article 32) for issuing writs to restore Fundamental Rights.

The Supreme Court of India has exclusive original jurisdiction to settle disputes between different states regarding river water sharing.

The Supreme Court of India hears legal disputes between the Central Government and a State Government under its original jurisdiction.

If economic inequalities persist, poor and marginalized classes feel alienated and deprived of the benefits of national development. As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar warned, extreme poverty alongside concentrated wealth creates social contradictions that threaten political democracy and shatter national unity and fraternity.

Through constitutional reservations, welfare schemes, and expansion of education, legal untouchability has been abolished and marginalized communities have gained political representation. However, economic wealth concentration, rural-urban disparities, and employment gaps show that social and economic inequalities still exist and require continued state action.

The ‘Gauntiya’ system was a traditional landlord system in Chhattisgarh where village headmen exploited local farmers and collected land revenue for colonial rulers. It was legally abolished post-independence through land reform acts and the abolition of the Zamindari system. While legally non-existent today, big landowning families in rural areas still exercise informal socio-economic influence.

1950-1980 Period:** Land acquisition was primarily driven by state-led feudal zamindari abolition and public sector industrial projects, often with minimal compensation to landowners.

• Present Day: Land acquisition is driven by infrastructure, private-public industrial corridors, and smart cities, governed by the 2013 Land Acquisition Act which mandates consent, social impact assessment, and higher financial market-rate compensation.

Converting the Right to Education into a Fundamental Right (Article 21A via 86th Amendment in 2002) made free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years a legally enforceable right. Citizens can now move court if state schools fail to provide education. This promotes social change by enabling children from poor and backward families to attain literacy, break poverty cycles, and secure equal developmental opportunities.

1. Importance of Decentralisation: Decentralisation ensures that power reaches common citizens so that local needs and regional problems are resolved efficiently by local representatives. It prevents authoritarian concentration of power at the center and strengthens democracy at the grassroots.
2. Levels in India: Power is decentralised at three levels

• Union/Central Level (Central Government)
• State Level (State Governments)
• Local Self-Government Level (Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipalities in urban areas, added via 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments).

1. Judicial Role of Parliament: Parliament performs judicial functions by initiating and debating impeachment proceedings to remove high constitutional authorities, including the President, Vice President, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts for violation of the Constitution or proven misbehaviour.
2. Reason: This power is given to Parliament (the highest elected body of the nation) rather than the Supreme Court to maintain checks and balances, ensuring that even apex judges or the highest executive head remain accountable to the sovereign will of the people represented in Parliament.

No, I disagree with Alok.

• Reasons:

1. Risk of Dictatorship: Without a legislature, the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers would hold unchecked absolute power, leading to authoritarian dictatorship.
2. Absence of Accountability: The legislature holds the executive accountable through Question Hour, debates, and No-Confidence motions.
3. Diverse Representation: The legislature represents diverse regional, linguistic, and minority voices that a single executive team cannot reflect.
4. Lawmaking and Budget Control: Without parliamentary debate and scrutiny, arbitrary laws and taxation could be imposed without citizen consent.

a) Disagree.** The two-house system provides re-scrutiny of bills, prevents hasty legislation, and represents federal state units.

• b) Agree. Nominating accomplished field experts (scientists, artists, writers) allows the nation to benefit from their specialized wisdom without forcing them through partisan political elections.
• c) Disagree. Even in non-provincial states, a second house can act as a revising chamber to prevent emotionally charged or hasty legislation by the lower house.

Yes, I fully agree with this statement.

• Reasons:

1. Direct Public Mandate: Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected from geographic constituencies across India, bringing local public grievances directly to the national stage.
2. Debating Public Issues: During discussions, MPs highlight issues like unemployment, price rise, regional development, and agrarian distress.
3. National Mirror: It acts as a national forum where citizens’ democratic aspirations shape public policy and government legislation.

a) Agree.* Impact:* Working longer hours will allow thorough examination of complex bills and prevent passing important laws without debate during house disruptions.

• b) Agree. Impact: Compulsory attendance ensures that elected MPs actively participate in lawmaking and remain accountable to the voters who elected them.
• c) Agree. Impact: Empowering the Speaker/Chairperson to penalize unruly behaviour will prevent frequent house adjournments, save public taxpayers’ money, and maintain parliamentary dignity.

Even when ministers propose bills and the ruling party holds a majority, the rest of the Parliament (opposition MPs) plays a vital democratic role

1. Scrutiny and Criticism: Opposition members analyze flaw points in bills and propose constructive amendments.
2. Public Awareness: Parliamentary debates are broadcast, informing the public about hidden drawbacks in government bills.
3. Committee Level Scrutiny: In parliamentary sub-committees, opposition members hold equal footing to amend proposed draft clauses before final voting.

Correct Option: (d) The executive depends on majority support in the parliament.

Evaluation:** Neither statement is entirely correct according to constitutional provisions.

• Rebuttal to Rama: The President cannot arbitrarily dismiss a Prime Minister as long as the Prime Minister retains a majority in the Lok Sabha.
• Rebuttal to Rajesh: The President is essential as the permanent Constitutional Head of State to maintain constitutional continuity during political crises, dissolve Parliament, and appoint government leaders. Therefore, a President is necessary.

1. Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill (1986): President Zail Singh withheld assent and returned/retained it because it infringed on citizens’ privacy by allowing government interception of personal mail. The bill was eventually dropped.
2. Office of Profit Bill (2006): President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam returned the bill for reconsideration, asking Parliament to formulate a uniform, transparent criteria regarding disqualification. Parliament repassed it without major changes, and the President gave assent as constitutionally required.

The following constitutional mechanisms prevent a Prime Minister from acting authoritatively

1. Collective Responsibility: The PM must consult the Cabinet and acts as ‘first among equals’.
2. Parliamentary Accountability: Question Hour, debates, and No-Confidence Motions force the PM to answer to Lok Sabha.
3. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court can strike down unconstitutional executive actions taken by the PM or Cabinet.
4. Presidential Checks: The President can seek information and return cabinet decisions for reconsideration.
5. Periodic Free Elections: Voters can reject an authoritarian government at the polls every 5 years.

The administrative executive (civil servants, IAS/IPS officers, bureaucrats) is directly answerable to the political executive (Ministers and Cabinet), which in turn is collectively answerable to the Parliament.

Non-complying Option: (c) High court judges cannot be transferred to another high court.**

• Explanation: High Court judges CAN indeed be transferred from one High Court to another by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India, so statement (c) is factually incorrect and does not represent judicial independence rules.

No, independence of the judiciary does not mean unaccountability. While the judiciary functions free from political executive and legislative interference, it remains strictly answerable to the Constitution of India and the Rule of Law. Judicial decisions must align with constitutional mandates. Furthermore, judges can be removed by Parliament through impeachment for proven misbehaviour or incapacity. High courts and the Supreme Court also review lower court judgments, ensuring internal judicial accountability.

Provisions ensuring judicial independence include

1. Collegium Appointments: Appointments are made based on judicial panel recommendations rather than political patronage.
2. Security of Tenure: Judges serve until retirement age and can only be removed through a complex impeachment process in Parliament.
3. Financial Independence: Salaries and pensions of judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and cannot be voted upon or reduced by Parliament.
4. Protection against Criticism: Conduct of judges cannot be debated in Parliament except during impeachment.

The Indian state has utilized its constitutional powers to bring positive social change through land reforms, reservation policies, free education (RTE), and poverty-alleviation schemes. These measures have empowered Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and economically backward sections. However, implementation gaps, corruption, and corporate lobby influences sometimes divert benefits toward privileged sections. To fully fulfill constitutional goals, affirmative state powers must be directed even more rigorously toward the poor and marginalized.

Institution Visited:** Government Primary Health Centre (Hospital).

• Posts: Medical Officer, Staff Nurse, Pharmacist, Lab Technician.
• Work: Treating patients, administering vaccines, issuing free medicines.
• Challenges: Shortage of specialized doctors, inadequate medicine supply, heavy patient crowd.
• Suggestions: Increase budgetary allocation, deploy digital equipment, hire adequate medical staff.

Institution Visited:** Gram Panchayat.

• Representation: Total Members: 12 (Women: 6 including Sarpanch; SC: 2; ST: 3).
• Experience: Reservation policies have enabled women and tribal representatives to participate directly in village meetings, plan drinking water projects, build rural roads, and improve local sanitation.

Collect newspaper headlines regarding High Court or Supreme Court judgments (e.g., environmental protection rulings, fundamental rights protection, or electoral reforms) and classify them under headings: Court Name, Dispute Subject, Key Decision, and Public Benefit.