CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Solutions: Human Resources (मानव संसाधन) (2026-27)

To determine the required number of Aanganwadi centres, we will access the latest census data for each village in our district. By dividing the total population of a village by 1000, we get the required number of centres for that village. Summing these figures across all villages gives the total number of Aanganwadi centres needed for the entire district.

The Chhattisgarh Government will refer to the census data to count the exact number of farming families and total individuals belonging to farmer households across the state. The total required expenditure is calculated using the formula

Total Budget = Total population in farming families × Rs. 5,000

From the census data on age composition, the government will extract the total number of senior citizens aged 60 years and above in each district. Based on the designated capacity of an old age home (e.g., 100 residents per ashram), dividing the senior citizen population by the capacity gives the number of old age homes needed in that area.

Census Timeline:** In India, the last completed census was conducted in 2011. The census takes place every 10 years.

• Personnel Involved: School teachers, local government clerks, revenue officials (Patwaris), and enumerators appointed under the Census Commission conduct the house-to-house survey.
• Process: Enumerators go door-to-door using a standardized questionnaire to record personal details of every household member, including age, gender, literacy, occupation, religion, language, and living facilities.

According to the textbook data, India’s population was 102.87 crore (1,02,87,00,000) in 2001 and reached 121.02 crore (1,21,01,93,422) in 2011.

Population Added = 121.02 crore – 102.87 crore = 18.15 crore (181.5 million people)

Since 18.15 crore people were added over the 10-year decadal period (2001-2011), the average annual increase in India’s population is approximately 1.81 crore (18.15 million) people per year.

(Sample data representation for Raipur District as per Census 2011 for classroom posters):*

• Total Population of District: ~21,60,876
• Male Population: ~10,88,410
• Female Population: ~10,72,466
• Urban Population Proportion: ~51% (Highest urban ratio in Chhattisgarh).
• Poster Design: Present a pie chart showing Male vs Female ratio and a bar diagram contrasting rural vs urban dwellers.

Yes, urban population growth is generally regarded as an indicator of economic transformation and development, but with certain qualifications

1. Positive Aspects: Urbanization reflects a structural shift from traditional agriculture to secondary (industrial) and tertiary (service) economic sectors, providing higher incomes, better schooling, advanced healthcare, and modern infrastructure.
2. Challenges: Unplanned urban migration creates slums, overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, and pressure on civic amenities. Thus, urbanization indicates development only when accompanied by planned infrastructure and civic services.

Such notices are legally displayed under the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act to prevent female foeticide. Due to deep-rooted social bias favoring male children, diagnostic ultrasound technology was misused to identify and abort female foetuses. This led to a dangerous decline in the child sex ratio (0-6 years) in India. These notices warn that sex determination is a punishable crime.

The continuous decline in the proportion of women stems from deep social and structural issues

1. Misuse of Modern Medical Technology: Advances in medical diagnostics enabled illegal sex determination and selective abortion of female foetuses.
2. Patriarchal Mindset & Neglect: Social preference for sons leads to neglect of nutritional, health, and emotional needs of girl children, resulting in higher infant and maternal mortality rates.
3. Gender Inequality & Dowry: Social evils like dowry make families perceive daughters as financial burdens.

(Sample Survey Analysis of 5 Neighboring Families):*

• Total Men surveyed: 10
• Total Women surveyed: 9
• Boys (0-6 years): 3
• Girls (0-6 years): 2
• Overall Female to Male Ratio: 11 females (9 women + 2 girls) for 13 males (10 men + 3 boys).
• Ratio per 10 Men:

Female Ratio = (11/13) × 10 = 8.46 females per 10 males

If the proportion of children (0-14 years) is very small

1. Future Workforce Shortage: The country will face an acute shortage of young productive workers 15 to 20 years later.
2. Aging Population Burden: The proportion of elderly people will rise significantly, increasing economic expenditure on healthcare, pensions, and senior welfare.

A high proportion of youth (15-59 years) provides a powerful economic advantage known as the demographic dividend

1. High Productivity & Growth: Provides a vast workforce for agriculture, industries, and services, driving rapid GDP growth.
2. Low Dependency Ratio: Fewer dependent children and elderly per working adult means higher national savings and capital investment.

In Western Europe and Western Africa, the base of the pyramid shows a balanced, nearly equal proportion of young girls and boys. In contrast, India’s pyramid exhibits a visibly narrower column for girls under 10 years compared to boys, reflecting regional gender imbalances.

The proportion of children and youth under 40 years is the highest in Western Africa, where over 50% of the total population is under 20 years of age alone.

The proportion of active working youth between 15 and 40 years of age is highest in India.

The proportion of old people above 60 years is highest in Western Europe, where around 36% of the population is over 50 years of age.

Chhattisgarh Literacy Rate (Census 2011): 70.28%** (Male: 80.27%, Female: 60.24%).

• Impact on District Development: High literacy rates accelerate local industrialization, improve healthcare awareness, lower child mortality, increase skill levels, and empower women in local governance.

No, female literacy varies significantly across districts in Chhattisgarh. Urbanized plain districts (like Durg and Raipur) have higher female literacy rates (>70%), while remote tribal districts (like Bijapur and Sukma) have lower rates.

• Reasons for Disparity: Regional economic development, availability of girls’ schools, transportation, poverty levels, early marriage, and social awareness.

Yes, Reema’s view aligns completely with the modern concept of Human Development advocated by Prof. Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq. True development means expanding freedoms, capabilities, and choices for all individuals. If educated and healthy women are restricted from employment and self-expression due to patriarchal constraints, economic growth fails to achieve human development.

If income is high but education levels remain low

1. People will lack knowledge regarding health, nutrition, and environmental conservation, leading to lifestyle diseases and lower life expectancy.
2. Wealth will be spent inefficiently on unproductive consumption rather than human welfare.
3. Long-term economic sustainability will collapse due to lack of skilled human resources and scientific innovation.

If people are educated and rich but suffer from poor health

1. High personal expenditure on disease treatment will drain family wealth and reduce quality of life.
2. Disease and low physical efficiency will reduce working capacity, leading to severe economic productivity losses for the nation.

Based on Graph 5.4 (Energy Use Per Capita), an average Indian consumes approximately two times (2x) more energy resources (in kg of mineral oil equivalent) than an average Bangladeshi person.

An average Chinese citizen consumes approximately three to four times (3x-4x) more energy resources per capita compared to an average Indian.

Deenu’s argument is incorrect. Income levels depend on technology, education, skill development, and resource distribution rather than population size alone. For instance, countries with large educated populations (like USA or Japan) achieve high per capita incomes through skilled productivity.

Meenu’s argument is incorrect. Small-population countries (like Norway, Switzerland, or Australia) utilize advanced technology, automation, and high education to achieve extreme economic productivity and very high per capita incomes.

Teenu’s argument is completely correct. Poverty is primarily caused by the unequal distribution of national resources and production. Even in countries with small populations, severe social and economic inequality leaves large sections impoverished.

(d) Data about different aspects of the life of people will not be available to us.**

(a) the sex ratio is low.**

(b) the youth group.**

(a) is good.**

(d) many times more (300% / multi-fold as much).**

Through the decadal census, we obtain comprehensive data regarding

1. Total population and decadal population growth rate.
2. Sex ratio (overall sex ratio and child sex ratio for 0-6 years).
3. Literacy rate (male, female, rural, and urban literacy).
4. Age composition (children, working youth, and elderly population).
5. Proportion of rural vs urban population (urbanization).
6. Working population and occupational structure (main workers, marginal workers, non-workers).

Census data are vital tools for government planning and governance

1. Welfare Scheme Formulation: Helps calculate budgets and demand for schools, hospitals, Aanganwadi centres, and pensions.
2. Resource Allocation: Used by government commissions to distribute financial funds and public facilities across states and districts.
3. Targeting Marginalized Groups: Identifies regions with lower female literacy or declining sex ratios to implement corrective legal policies.
4. Electoral Representation: Used to demarcate parliamentary and assembly constituencies.

A low sex ratio reflects severe gender imbalance and causes the following consequences

1. Social Crimes & Instability: Severe shortage of women increases crimes against women, human trafficking, forced marriages, and social insecurity.
2. Indication of Discrimination: Reflects prevalent female foeticide, nutritional neglect, and high maternal/girl child mortality.
3. Economic Loss: Lower female participation in the workforce harms overall economic productivity.

The child sex ratio (914) being significantly lower than the overall sex ratio (940) indicates

1. Female Foeticide: Illegal use of pre-natal sex determination technologies (ultrasound) to abort female foetuses.
2. Son Preference: Deep social desire for male heirs leading to post-birth neglect of female infants in nutrition, immunization, and healthcare.
3. Female Infant Mortality: Higher death rates among girl children due to discriminatory healthcare practices.

The female literacy rate (65.46%) is lower than male literacy (82.14%) due to

1. Patriarchal Discrimination: Families prioritize education expenses for sons over daughters, viewing sons as future care-providers.
2. Domestic Burden & Child Marriage: Girls are engaged early in household chores, sibling care, or forced into early marriage.
3. Inadequate School Infrastructure: Lack of separate toilets for girls and distant secondary schools lead to high dropout rates among adolescent girls.

This statement is only partially correct, as population growth alone is not the primary barrier to development

1. Role of Resource Distribution: Development is hindered more by severe inequality in resource distribution and excessive resource consumption by developed nations than by population size.
2. Population as an Asset: An educated, skilled, and healthy population acts as a productive human resource that drives national wealth creation.
3. Conclusion: Population becomes a hurdle only when a country fails to provide education, healthcare, and productive employment to its citizens.

Sex Ratio is calculated as the number of females per 1,000 males using the formula

Sex Ratio = ((Total Female Population)/(Total Male Population)) × 1000

Given

• Female Population = 4,91,822
• Male Population = 5,18,611

Sex Ratio = ((4,91,822)/(5,18,611)) × 1000 = 0.94834 × 1000 = 948.34

Raipur City Sex Ratio in 2011 = 948 females per 1,000 males.

1. Name of Head of Family: _______________
2. Total Members: _____ (Males: _____, Females: _____)
3. Children (0-6 years): _____ (Boys: _____, Girls: _____)
4. Age Distribution: Children (<15 yrs): ____ | Youth (15-59 yrs): ____ | Old (>60 yrs): ____
5. Literates: _____ (Males: _____, Females: _____)

(Sample Hamlet Survey Findings – 10 Households):

• Total Population = 50
• Males = 26 | Females = 24
• Overall Sex Ratio = (24/26) × 1000 = 923
• Children (0-6 yrs) = 4 Boys, 3 Girls → Child Sex Ratio = (3/4) × 1000 = 750
• Literates = 38 → Literacy Rate = (38/50) × 100 = 76\%
• Age Groups: Children = 12 | Youth = 31 | Elderly = 7

To construct the Age Pyramid from the survey data

1. Draw a horizontal X-axis showing Population Percentage (Males on the left, Females on the right).
2. Draw a vertical Y-axis dividing age brackets (0-14, 15-29, 30-44, 45-59, 60+).
3. Plot horizontal bars corresponding to the percentage of males and females in each age group.
4. Interpretation: The resulting pyramid will feature a broad middle bar (youth) and narrower base/top, reflecting a expanding youthful workforce.