CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 17 Solutions: Understanding Development (विकास की समझ) (2026-27)

CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – Economics (अर्थशास्त्र) (2026-27 Edition)
  • Chapter 17: Understanding Development (विकास की समझ)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)

🌐 Select Language / माध्यम चुनें:

PART 1

IN-TEXT & SECTIONAL QUESTIONS

SECTION 17.1

HOW DIFFERENT PEOPLE SEE DEVELOPMENT

Q1

In your view of development what else do…


📝 Question:

In your view of development, what else do you visualise besides roads, electricity, housing and other infrastructure? Why do you include these in your concept of development?

💡 Solution:

Besides physical infrastructure like roads, electricity, and housing, development visualises quality education, accessible healthcare services, equal economic opportunities, clean drinking water, personal freedom, gender equality, social security, and a pollution-free environment. These are included in the concept of development because mere physical infrastructure cannot ensure a fulfilling human life. True development aims at expanding human capabilities, reducing social inequalities, and enabling every individual to lead a healthy, secure, and dignified life.

Q2

Table 171 Objectives Aspirations of Development for Different…


📝 Question:

. Table 17.1: Objectives / Aspirations of Development for Different Categories of People.**

💡 Solution:

S.No.Category of PeopleObjectives / Aspirations of Development
2IndustrialistAvailability of cheap raw materials, roads/electricity and other infrastructure, peaceful environment, and maximum profits.
3College studentBetter educational facilities, employment opportunities, personal freedom, security, and equal opportunities.
4Educated unemployed such as engineersEmployment opportunities, stable job, good salary, housing, and social respect.
5Women agricultural workersFair and equal wages, work throughout the year, personal security, healthcare facilities, and educational support for children.
6Yourself (Student)Quality higher education, skill development, career guidance, personal freedom, and a healthy, safe environment.
7Small farmerTimely availability of seeds and fertilizers, irrigation facilities, fair support prices for crops, and access to agricultural credit.
8TeacherRespect in society, good working conditions in school, modern educational resources, professional growth, and student welfare.
9Village sarpanchClean drinking water, paved roads, better village school and health center, employment under rural schemes, and overall prosperity of the village.

(Complete the table showing personal development aspirations for different groups)

  • : 17.1: /
  • 1. : , , ,
  • 2. : , / ,
  • 3. /: , , ,
  • 4. : , ,
  • 5. : , , ,
  • 6. : , , ,
  • 7. : , ,
  • 8. : , ,
  • 9. : , , ,

Q3

Pict 171 Write what can be the wishesaspirations…


📝 Question:

Pict 17.1: Write what can be the wishes/aspirations of the rickshaw puller and the child

💡 Solution:

Wishes of the Rickshaw Puller:** To earn enough daily income to feed his family, buy his own rickshaw instead of paying daily rent, afford better education and health services for his children, and be treated with dignity in society.

  • Wishes of the Child: To get admission to a good school, receive free textbooks, uniforms, and mid-day meals, play with toys, and not have to work or beg on the streets.

SECTION 17.1.1

UNIVERSAL RIGHTS & PUBLIC WELFARE

Q4

What do you think should be the development…


📝 Question:

What do you think should be the development goals of your village/town? Explain with a few examples

💡 Solution:

The development goals of a village or town should focus on public welfare and universal rights available to all citizens.

  • Examples:
  1. Paved All-Weather Roads: Constructing wide, durable roads so that villagers can travel safely even during rainy seasons without transport disruptions.
  2. Universal Education: Opening government schools with proper sanitation, drinking water, and mid-day meal schemes to ensure every child gets quality education.
  3. Safe Drinking Water & Sanitation: Providing piped tap water supply and public waste management to prevent water-borne diseases.

Q5

Why are scholarships for students considered to be…


📝 Question:

Why are scholarships for students considered to be a scheme for public welfare? Discuss in class

💡 Solution:

Scholarships for students are considered a public welfare scheme because they reduce the financial burden on poor families, encouraging children from backward and marginalized communities to pursue education. Scholarships prevent school dropouts, promote equal access to higher education, and empower students to acquire skills, ultimately contributing to the socio-economic development of the entire society.

Q6

Give three suggestions to improve public health facilities…


📝 Question:

Give three suggestions to improve public health facilities in your region and make them available to everyone

💡 Solution:

  1. Infrastructure & Doctors: Upgrade Primary Health Centres (PHCs) with adequate medical equipment, trained doctors, and 24×7 emergency staff in rural areas.
  2. Free Medicines & Diagnostics: Ensure uninterrupted supply of free essential medicines and basic diagnostic lab tests for all citizens.
  3. Mobile Health Clinics: Deploy mobile medical units to remote and tribal areas to deliver doorstep healthcare services.

SECTION 17.1.2

CONTRADICTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES

Q7

What contradictions are the establishment of industries giving…


📝 Question:

What contradictions are the establishment of industries giving rise to in the state of Odisha?

💡 Solution:

The establishment of large mineral-based industries and mining projects in Odisha gives rise to sharp contradictions between corporate development goals and local livelihoods

  • Industrialists and the government view steel plants and coal/iron ore mining as a means to boost GDP, create manufacturing infrastructure, and generate revenue.
  • However, local tribal and rural populations face large-scale displacement, loss of fertile agricultural land, deforestation, drying up of natural water sources, and destruction of traditional lifestyles. They fear that financial compensation is temporary, leaving them as insecure daily wage labourers once the money is exhausted.

Q8

What steps need to be taken in the…


📝 Question:

What steps need to be taken in the above example, keeping universal rights and public welfare in mind?

💡 Solution:

Keeping universal rights and public welfare in mind, the following steps should be taken

  1. Strict Implementation of Laws: Enforce the Forest Rights Act and land acquisition norms, requiring prior consent from local Gram Sabhas before initiating industrial projects.
  2. Sustainable Rehabilitation: Ensure permanent livelihood guarantees, employment training, and comprehensive rehabilitation before displacement occurs.
  3. Environmental Protection: Mandate strict pollution control measures and environmental impact assessments to prevent damage to land, air, and water resources.

Q9

Find out What are the provisions in the…


📝 Question:

Find out: What are the provisions in the Forest Rights Act to protect people’s rights?

💡 Solution:

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act protects rights through

  1. Granting individual title rights to forest lands traditionally cultivated by forest-dwelling communities.
  2. Recognizing community rights over minor forest produce, water bodies, and grazing grounds.
  3. Empowering Gram Sabhas to regulate and consent to any diversion of forest land for industrial or mining purposes.

Q10

Can you think of other examples where a…


📝 Question:

Can you think of other examples where a similar kind of contradiction has arisen?

💡 Solution:

Yes, similar contradictions arise in

  1. Dam Construction: Building large multipurpose hydroelectric dams submerges agricultural lands and forests, displacing thousands of villagers to supply electricity to urban areas and industries.
  2. Urban Waste Disposal: Daily garbage collected from big cities is dumped in rural peripheral areas, polluting the air, groundwater, and health of nearby village communities.

Q11

Can solutions be found to resolve these contradictory…


📝 Question:

Can solutions be found to resolve these contradictory situations in the perspective of public welfare? Discuss in class

💡 Solution:

Yes, solutions can be found by prioritizing inclusive and sustainable development

  1. Adopting decentralized planning where local communities participate in decision-making through Gram Sabhas.
  2. Promoting eco-friendly, green technologies and mandatory recycling of industrial waste.
  3. Balancing industrial expansion with agrarian security so that development does not undermine the fundamental rights to clean water, land, and livelihood.

SECTION 17.2

INCOME AND OTHER OBJECTIVES

Q12

On the basis of Table 171 what are…


📝 Question:

On the basis of Table 17.1, what are the things that people consider as necessary, besides earning an income

💡 Solution:

Based on Table 17.1 and text analysis, besides earning an income, people consider the following as necessary

  1. Freedom and Equal Treatment: Being treated with dignity and equality in society without discrimination based on caste, gender, or religion.
  2. Security and Stability: Safe living conditions, job security, and protection from fear and oppression.
  3. Social and Health Benefits: Access to good education for children, family medical facilities, housing, safe drinking water, and a pollution-free environment.

SECTION 17.3

MEASUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

Q13

Table 172 Per capita GDP of select states…


📝 Question:

. Table 17.2: Per capita GDP of select states for 2013-2014 (in rupees).**

💡 Solution:

StatePer Capita GDP (in Rs.)
Kerala1,03,820
Bihar31,199

(Analysis based on data from Ministry of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India 2015)

  • English Observations: Per capita GDP is calculated by dividing total state production by its total population. Maharashtra has the highest per capita GDP among the three states, meaning on average goods and services worth Rs 1,14,392 were available per person, whereas Bihar has the lowest at Rs 31,199.
  • : * 17.2:
  • : (GDP) GDP ,

Q14

The per capita income in Chhattisgarh is Compare…


📝 Question:

The per capita income in Chhattisgarh is …………………….. Compare this with the other states

💡 Solution:

According to state economic survey statistics referenced in comparative context, the per capita income of Chhattisgarh falls in the middle-income category among Indian states-higher than states like Bihar (Rs 31,199), but lower than industrialised states like Maharashtra (Rs 1,14,392) and Kerala (Rs 1,03,820).

Q15

Can you estimate the per capita income of…


📝 Question:

Can you estimate the per capita income of your family?

💡 Solution:

Per capita family income is estimated by adding the total monthly/annual income earned by all working members of the family and dividing the total sum by the total number of family members (including non-earning children and elderly dependents).

Per Capita Family Income = (Total Family Income)/(Total Number of Family Members)

Q16

What impact does unequal distribution of income have…


📝 Question:

What impact does unequal distribution of income have? Discuss in class

💡 Solution:

Unequal distribution of income hides widespread poverty behind high national averages. It creates social disparity where a small rich elite consumes a vast share of resources while the majority poor struggle for basic necessities like nutrition, education, and healthcare. This disparity leads to social tension, restricts human development opportunities for low-income groups, and obstructs overall inclusive national progress.

Q17

Find out the per capita per month consumption…


📝 Question:

Find out the per capita per month consumption expenditure of two contrasting households in your neighbourhood. Explain the difference in their expenditure

💡 Solution:

Household A (Casual Labourer):** Low per capita monthly expenditure (around Rs 1,150) because earnings are irregular and low, leaving money barely sufficient for coarse food grains.

  • Household B (Regular Salaried / Business): High per capita monthly expenditure (above Rs 4,000) due to stable, high income, enabling expenditure on quality food, private education, healthcare, and entertainment.

Q18

Pict 174 The pyramid shows income statistics in…


📝 Question:

Pict 17.4: The pyramid shows income statistics in India. Explain them in your own words. English Explanation of Pict 17.4 Income Pyramid: 1. Base (Income below Rs 1.5 lakh): Largest group comprising 1,350 lakh households, showing that the vast majority of India’s population lives on low incomes. 2. Lower Middle (Income Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 3.4 lakh): Consists of 71 lakh households. 3. Upper Middle (Income Rs 3.4 lakh to Rs 17 lakh): Consists of 31 lakh households. 4. Apex (Income above Rs 17 lakh): Consists of only 30 lakh households, proving that high wealth is concentrated among a very small minority. : 17.4

💡 Solution:

  1. : 1,350 ,
  2. : 71
  3. : 31
  4. : 30 ,

SECTION 17.4

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX & PPP

Q19

Table 175 Development Statistics of India and Neighbouring…


📝 Question:

. Table 17.5: Development Statistics of India and Neighbouring Countries (2010).**

💡 Solution:

CountryLife Expectancy (Years)Literacy Rate 15+ (%)% Malnourished Children (Height for Age)% Malnourished Children (Weight for Age)
India65634843
China73981004
Sri Lanka75911721

(Source: UNESCO Report, HDR Report 2013, UNICEF 2012)

Q20

Table 175 Q1 In which countries is the…


📝 Question:

(Table 17.5 Q1). In which countries is the level of human development better?

💡 Solution:

Based on Table 17.5, the level of human development is significantly better in Sri Lanka and China. Sri Lanka has the highest life expectancy (75 years) and low child malnutrition, while China boasts a 98% literacy rate and the lowest malnutrition levels (4%).

Q21

Table 175 Q2 Over the past 10 years…


📝 Question:

(Table 17.5 Q2). Over the past 10 years, per capita income has increased three times more in India than in Nepal. Yet there is very little difference in the human development indicators. Why is this so? Discuss in class

💡 Solution:

This occurs because economic income alone does not automatically translate into human development unless the government invests public revenue directly into basic health, public sanitation, clean water, and universal education. Nepal managed to allocate resources effectively to basic healthcare and primary schooling, whereas India’s income growth was unevenly distributed and accompanied by lagging public expenditure on health and nutrition.

Q22

Table 175 Q3 What additional efforts need to…


📝 Question:

(Table 17.5 Q3). What additional efforts need to be taken in India to realise our human development goals?

💡 Solution:

To realise human development goals, India must

  1. Increase public expenditure on health and public education as a higher share of GDP.
  2. Strengthen Anganwadi centers to eradicate child malnutrition (improving height and weight parameters).
  3. Ensure universal access to clean drinking water, sanitation, and subsidized food through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

Q23

Why is it better to use purchasing power…


📝 Question:

Why is it better to use purchasing power parity (PPP) to compare the income between countries? From Table 17.6 compare the per capita income of India and China. Table 17.6: Per Capita Income in US\$ (PPP) (Source: HDR 2015) India: \$5,497 Nepal: \$2,311 Sri Lanka: \$9,779 * China: \$12,547

💡 Solution:

Why PPP is Better:** Market exchange rates fluctuate rapidly and do not reflect the real buying capacity of money in different nations. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) measures how many goods and services one dollar can actually buy in a specific country, giving a realistic comparison of standard of living.

  • Comparison: According to Table 17.6, China’s per capita income in PPP (\12,547) is more than double that of India (\5,497), indicating a significantly higher average standard of living in China.

Q24

Table 177 Percentage of students who have had…


📝 Question:

. Table 17.7: Percentage of students who have had five or more years of schooling in Himachal Pradesh.**

💡 Solution:

GenderYear 1993Year 2006
Boys57%75%

(Source: PROBE Revisited, OUP, 2011)

  • English Observations: Himachal Pradesh prioritized education by spending Rs 2,005 per student in 2005 compared to the all-India average of Rs 1,049. Consequently, the percentage of girls completing 5+ years of schooling rose from 39% to 60%, and boys from 57% to 75%, leading to an overall literacy rate of 83.98%.
  • : 17.7: 5
  • : 2005 2,005 , 1,049 5 39% 60% 57% 75% , 83.98%

PART 2

END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

Q25

Assume there are five families in a group…


📝 Question:

Assume there are five families in a group. Their average per capita income of the group is Rs. 4000. In two years’ time their average per capita income is Rs. 5000.* (a) The group has not progressed (b) The income of each person in the group has increased (c) The group has progressed * (d) The income of every person in the group has decreased

💡 Solution:

(c) The group has progressed* (Explanation: An increase in average per capita income indicates overall group progress, though individual incomes might vary).*

Q26

The government provides for electricity because a It…


📝 Question:

The government provides for electricity because:* (a) It needs to use the extra supply that it has created (b) It needs to earn money (c) For public welfare * (d) For supply to government offices

💡 Solution:

(c) For public welfare**

EXERCISE 2

SHORT & LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q2

What are the main indices to measure development


📝 Question:

What are the main indices to measure development?

💡 Solution:

The main indices to measure development include

  1. Per Capita Income / Per Capita GDP: Measures average monetary income and availability of goods and services.
  2. Life Expectancy: Measures the average lifespan of a newborn child, reflecting healthcare quality.
  3. Literacy Rate (15+ age): Measures the percentage of educated population.
  4. Child Nutrition Levels: Evaluates percentage of under-5 children meeting age-appropriate height and weight.

Q3

Indias GDP is larger than Nepals yet it…


📝 Question:

India’s GDP is larger than Nepal’s, yet it lags in human development indicators. Why?

💡 Solution:

India’s total GDP is larger due to its large economy and population, but it lags in human development indicators because

  1. High GDP is unevenly distributed, concealing income inequalities.
  2. Public investment in health, primary education, and sanitation per child has been historically insufficient compared to need.
  3. Child malnutrition levels remain high (48% height-for-age in India vs 49% in Nepal).

Q4

What are the factors other than per capita…


📝 Question:

What are the factors other than per capita income that are important when comparing two or more countries?

💡 Solution:

Factors other than per capita income include

  1. Health Indicators: Life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, and child nutrition levels.
  2. Education Indicators: Literacy rate, school enrollment ratio, and average years of schooling.
  3. Public Facilities & Freedom: Safe drinking water, clean environment, gender equality, personal freedom, and security.

Q5

Write an article on how India can be…


📝 Question:

Write an article on how India can be developed

💡 Solution:

Heading: Path to India’s Comprehensive Development**

  • True development goes beyond GDP growth to improve the overall quality of human life. To achieve comprehensive development, India must prioritize human capabilities. First, public expenditure on education and health must be expanded dramatically, following the Himachal Pradesh model of quality schooling. Second, child malnutrition must be tackled through strengthened Anganwadis and PDS systems. Third, environmental sustainability must be ensured so that mining and industrial projects do not displace traditional livelihoods without fair rehabilitation. Finally, reducing income inequality and guaranteeing public safety, gender equality, and clean drinking water for all will make India a truly developed nation.

Q6

Do you see any contradictions in the development…


📝 Question:

Do you see any contradictions in the development programmes being implemented in your area? Explain in brief

💡 Solution:

Yes, contradictions are visible in local development projects

  • Example: Road-widening and industrial corridors facilitate fast transport and trade, but destroy roadside green trees, pollute local air, and submerge/acquire agricultural fields of small farmers. Similarly, urban garbage dumping in nearby rural villages creates severe health hazards for villagers while keeping cities clean.

Q7

In Table 173 we assume that the prices…


📝 Question:

In Table 17.3 we assume that the prices of goods and services have not changed. Discuss

💡 Solution:

Table 17.3 assumes constant prices so that the increase in average monetary income reflects a real quantitative rise in purchasing capacity. If prices of goods and services rise (inflation) alongside money income, the actual purchasing power of people does not improve, and the apparent income growth becomes illusory.

Q8

Apart from the development indicators mentioned in this…


📝 Question:

Apart from the development indicators mentioned in this chapter, can you think of other indicators?

💡 Solution:

Other important development indicators include

  1. Environmental Quality Index: Air and water quality levels, and forest coverage.
  2. Gender Empowerment Index: Ratio of female political and workplace participation.
  3. Social Security & Crime Rate: Safety of women, children, and low crime rates.
  4. Employment Security: Percentage of workforce with regular, formal employment contracts.

Q9

If we wish to list development indicators for…


📝 Question:

If we wish to list development indicators for your school (other than examination results), what all would you include in this?

💡 Solution:

School development indicators besides exam results would include

  1. Infrastructure: Clean drinking water, separate functional toilets for boys and girls, and playground facilities.
  2. Learning Resources: Well-equipped science labs, library books, and computer facilities.
  3. Inclusivity & Health: Implementation of mid-day meal nutrition, scholarships, and zero dropout rate.

Q10

Discuss the following


📝 Question:

. Discuss the following:**

💡 Solution:

  • A. Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births; a key indicator of healthcare adequacy.
  • B. Money spent on illness: High out-of-pocket expenditure on illness shows poor public health infrastructure, forcing poor families into debt.
  • C. Percentage of people who get clean drinking water: Reflects basic sanitation and protection against water-borne diseases.
  • D. Those who are employed for less than 6 months in a year: Represents seasonal unemployment and casual labor vulnerability, leading to low annual consumption expenditure.
  • A. : 1,000 ,
  • B. : ,
  • C. :
  • D. 6 : – ,

Q11

Average income hides the inequality of income among…


📝 Question:

Average income hides the inequality of income among people. Explain

💡 Solution:

Average income (Per Capita Income) is calculated by dividing total income by population. It hides income distribution because a very high income earned by a tiny minority inflates the average figure, giving a false impression that everyone is prosperous. For example, in Table 17.3, average income rose from Rs 4,000 to Rs 6,000, yet Persons A and D experienced zero income growth, proving that average income conceals inequality.

Q12

Different social groups have different expenditure levels What…


📝 Question:

Different social groups have different expenditure levels. What does this indicate?

💡 Solution:

Different expenditure levels among social groups (as shown in Table 17.4 where casual labourers spend Rs 1,159 while regular wage earners spend Rs 2,002) indicate deep inequality in employment security and income distribution. It shows that marginalized social groups lack steady earnings and cannot afford nutritious food, quality education, or healthcare, thereby restricting their human development.

PART 3

PROJECT WORK

  • English Activity Guide:
  • Objective: Understand how child malnutrition and public health are monitored.
  • Data Collection: Observe height-for-age and weight-for-age growth charts maintained at the Anganwadi.
  • Facilities Recorded: Mid-day supplementary nutrition meals, immunization schedules, growth monitoring, and free health check-ups.

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