CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – Economics (अर्थशास्त्र) (2026-27 Edition)
- Chapter 17: Understanding Development (विकास की समझ)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
In your view of development what else do…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर अपनी विकास की धारणा में…
Besides physical infrastructure like roads, electricity, and housing, development visualises quality education, accessible healthcare services, equal economic opportunities, clean drinking water, personal freedom, gender equality, social security, and a pollution-free environment. These are included in the concept of development because mere physical infrastructure cannot ensure a fulfilling human life. True development aims at expanding human capabilities, reducing social inequalities, and enabling every individual to lead a healthy, secure, and dignified life.
Table 171 Objectives Aspirations of Development for Different…
Table 171 Objectives Aspirations of Development for Different…
| S.No. | Category of People | Objectives / Aspirations of Development |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Industrialist | Availability of cheap raw materials, roads/electricity and other infrastructure, peaceful environment, and maximum profits. |
| 3 | College student | Better educational facilities, employment opportunities, personal freedom, security, and equal opportunities. |
| 4 | Educated unemployed such as engineers | Employment opportunities, stable job, good salary, housing, and social respect. |
| 5 | Women agricultural workers | Fair and equal wages, work throughout the year, personal security, healthcare facilities, and educational support for children. |
| 6 | Yourself (Student) | Quality higher education, skill development, career guidance, personal freedom, and a healthy, safe environment. |
| 7 | Small farmer | Timely availability of seeds and fertilizers, irrigation facilities, fair support prices for crops, and access to agricultural credit. |
| 8 | Teacher | Respect in society, good working conditions in school, modern educational resources, professional growth, and student welfare. |
| 9 | Village sarpanch | Clean drinking water, paved roads, better village school and health center, employment under rural schemes, and overall prosperity of the village. |
(Complete the table showing personal development aspirations for different groups)
- : 17.1: /
- 1. : , , ,
- 2. : , / ,
- 3. /: , , ,
- 4. : , ,
- 5. : , , ,
- 6. : , , ,
- 7. : , ,
- 8. : , ,
- 9. : , , ,
Pict 171 Write what can be the wishesaspirations…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर चित्र 171 रिक्शा चालक और…
Wishes of the Rickshaw Puller:** To earn enough daily income to feed his family, buy his own rickshaw instead of paying daily rent, afford better education and health services for his children, and be treated with dignity in society.
- Wishes of the Child: To get admission to a good school, receive free textbooks, uniforms, and mid-day meals, play with toys, and not have to work or beg on the streets.
What do you think should be the development…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपके विचार में आपके गाँवशहर…
The development goals of a village or town should focus on public welfare and universal rights available to all citizens.
- Examples:
- Paved All-Weather Roads: Constructing wide, durable roads so that villagers can travel safely even during rainy seasons without transport disruptions.
- Universal Education: Opening government schools with proper sanitation, drinking water, and mid-day meal schemes to ensure every child gets quality education.
- Safe Drinking Water & Sanitation: Providing piped tap water supply and public waste management to prevent water-borne diseases.
Why are scholarships for students considered to be…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर छात्रों के लिए छात्रवृत्ति को…
Scholarships for students are considered a public welfare scheme because they reduce the financial burden on poor families, encouraging children from backward and marginalized communities to pursue education. Scholarships prevent school dropouts, promote equal access to higher education, and empower students to acquire skills, ultimately contributing to the socio-economic development of the entire society.
Give three suggestions to improve public health facilities…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर अपने क्षेत्र में सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य…
- Infrastructure & Doctors: Upgrade Primary Health Centres (PHCs) with adequate medical equipment, trained doctors, and 24×7 emergency staff in rural areas.
- Free Medicines & Diagnostics: Ensure uninterrupted supply of free essential medicines and basic diagnostic lab tests for all citizens.
- Mobile Health Clinics: Deploy mobile medical units to remote and tribal areas to deliver doorstep healthcare services.
What contradictions are the establishment of industries giving…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर ओडिशा राज्य में उद्योगों की…
The establishment of large mineral-based industries and mining projects in Odisha gives rise to sharp contradictions between corporate development goals and local livelihoods
- Industrialists and the government view steel plants and coal/iron ore mining as a means to boost GDP, create manufacturing infrastructure, and generate revenue.
- However, local tribal and rural populations face large-scale displacement, loss of fertile agricultural land, deforestation, drying up of natural water sources, and destruction of traditional lifestyles. They fear that financial compensation is temporary, leaving them as insecure daily wage labourers once the money is exhausted.
What steps need to be taken in the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर सार्वभौमिक अधिकारों और जनकल्याण को…
Keeping universal rights and public welfare in mind, the following steps should be taken
- Strict Implementation of Laws: Enforce the Forest Rights Act and land acquisition norms, requiring prior consent from local Gram Sabhas before initiating industrial projects.
- Sustainable Rehabilitation: Ensure permanent livelihood guarantees, employment training, and comprehensive rehabilitation before displacement occurs.
- Environmental Protection: Mandate strict pollution control measures and environmental impact assessments to prevent damage to land, air, and water resources.
Find out What are the provisions in the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर पता कीजिए लोगों के अधिकारों…
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act protects rights through
- Granting individual title rights to forest lands traditionally cultivated by forest-dwelling communities.
- Recognizing community rights over minor forest produce, water bodies, and grazing grounds.
- Empowering Gram Sabhas to regulate and consent to any diversion of forest land for industrial or mining purposes.
Can you think of other examples where a…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आप ऐसे अन्य उदाहरणों…
Yes, similar contradictions arise in
- Dam Construction: Building large multipurpose hydroelectric dams submerges agricultural lands and forests, displacing thousands of villagers to supply electricity to urban areas and industries.
- Urban Waste Disposal: Daily garbage collected from big cities is dumped in rural peripheral areas, polluting the air, groundwater, and health of nearby village communities.
Can solutions be found to resolve these contradictory…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या जनकल्याण के दृष्टिकोण से…
Yes, solutions can be found by prioritizing inclusive and sustainable development
- Adopting decentralized planning where local communities participate in decision-making through Gram Sabhas.
- Promoting eco-friendly, green technologies and mandatory recycling of industrial waste.
- Balancing industrial expansion with agrarian security so that development does not undermine the fundamental rights to clean water, land, and livelihood.
On the basis of Table 171 what are…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर तालिका 171 के आधार पर…
Based on Table 17.1 and text analysis, besides earning an income, people consider the following as necessary
- Freedom and Equal Treatment: Being treated with dignity and equality in society without discrimination based on caste, gender, or religion.
- Security and Stability: Safe living conditions, job security, and protection from fear and oppression.
- Social and Health Benefits: Access to good education for children, family medical facilities, housing, safe drinking water, and a pollution-free environment.
Table 172 Per capita GDP of select states…
Table 172 Per capita GDP of select states…
| State | Per Capita GDP (in Rs.) |
|---|---|
| Kerala | 1,03,820 |
| Bihar | 31,199 |
(Analysis based on data from Ministry of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India 2015)
- English Observations: Per capita GDP is calculated by dividing total state production by its total population. Maharashtra has the highest per capita GDP among the three states, meaning on average goods and services worth Rs 1,14,392 were available per person, whereas Bihar has the lowest at Rs 31,199.
- : * 17.2:
- : (GDP) GDP ,
The per capita income in Chhattisgarh is Compare…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर छत्तीसगढ़ में प्रति व्यक्ति आय…
According to state economic survey statistics referenced in comparative context, the per capita income of Chhattisgarh falls in the middle-income category among Indian states-higher than states like Bihar (Rs 31,199), but lower than industrialised states like Maharashtra (Rs 1,14,392) and Kerala (Rs 1,03,820).
Can you estimate the per capita income of…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आप अपने परिवार की…
Per capita family income is estimated by adding the total monthly/annual income earned by all working members of the family and dividing the total sum by the total number of family members (including non-earning children and elderly dependents).
Per Capita Family Income = (Total Family Income)/(Total Number of Family Members)
What impact does unequal distribution of income have…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आय के असमान वितरण का…
Unequal distribution of income hides widespread poverty behind high national averages. It creates social disparity where a small rich elite consumes a vast share of resources while the majority poor struggle for basic necessities like nutrition, education, and healthcare. This disparity leads to social tension, restricts human development opportunities for low-income groups, and obstructs overall inclusive national progress.
Find out the per capita per month consumption…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर अपने पड़ोस के दो अलगअलग…
Household A (Casual Labourer):** Low per capita monthly expenditure (around Rs 1,150) because earnings are irregular and low, leaving money barely sufficient for coarse food grains.
- Household B (Regular Salaried / Business): High per capita monthly expenditure (above Rs 4,000) due to stable, high income, enabling expenditure on quality food, private education, healthcare, and entertainment.
Pict 174 The pyramid shows income statistics in…
Pict 174 The pyramid shows income statistics in…
- : 1,350 ,
- : 71
- : 31
- : 30 ,
Table 175 Development Statistics of India and Neighbouring…
Table 175 Development Statistics of India and Neighbouring…
| Country | Life Expectancy (Years) | Literacy Rate 15+ (%) | % Malnourished Children (Height for Age) | % Malnourished Children (Weight for Age) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | 65 | 63 | 48 | 43 |
| China | 73 | 98 | 10 | 04 |
| Sri Lanka | 75 | 91 | 17 | 21 |
(Source: UNESCO Report, HDR Report 2013, UNICEF 2012)
Table 175 Q1 In which countries is the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर किन देशों में मानव विकास…
Based on Table 17.5, the level of human development is significantly better in Sri Lanka and China. Sri Lanka has the highest life expectancy (75 years) and low child malnutrition, while China boasts a 98% literacy rate and the lowest malnutrition levels (4%).
Table 175 Q2 Over the past 10 years…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर पिछले 10 वर्षों में भारत…
This occurs because economic income alone does not automatically translate into human development unless the government invests public revenue directly into basic health, public sanitation, clean water, and universal education. Nepal managed to allocate resources effectively to basic healthcare and primary schooling, whereas India’s income growth was unevenly distributed and accompanied by lagging public expenditure on health and nutrition.
Table 175 Q3 What additional efforts need to…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर भारत में हमारे मानव विकास…
To realise human development goals, India must
- Increase public expenditure on health and public education as a higher share of GDP.
- Strengthen Anganwadi centers to eradicate child malnutrition (improving height and weight parameters).
- Ensure universal access to clean drinking water, sanitation, and subsidized food through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Why is it better to use purchasing power…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर विभिन्न देशों के बीच आय…
Why PPP is Better:** Market exchange rates fluctuate rapidly and do not reflect the real buying capacity of money in different nations. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) measures how many goods and services one dollar can actually buy in a specific country, giving a realistic comparison of standard of living.
- Comparison: According to Table 17.6, China’s per capita income in PPP (\12,547) is more than double that of India (\5,497), indicating a significantly higher average standard of living in China.
Table 177 Percentage of students who have had…
Table 177 Percentage of students who have had…
| Gender | Year 1993 | Year 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| Boys | 57% | 75% |
(Source: PROBE Revisited, OUP, 2011)
- English Observations: Himachal Pradesh prioritized education by spending Rs 2,005 per student in 2005 compared to the all-India average of Rs 1,049. Consequently, the percentage of girls completing 5+ years of schooling rose from 39% to 60%, and boys from 57% to 75%, leading to an overall literacy rate of 83.98%.
- : 17.7: 5
- : 2005 2,005 , 1,049 5 39% 60% 57% 75% , 83.98%
Assume there are five families in a group…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर मान लीजिए कि एक समूह…
(c) The group has progressed* (Explanation: An increase in average per capita income indicates overall group progress, though individual incomes might vary).*
The government provides for electricity because a It…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर सरकार बिजली की व्यवस्था करती…
(c) For public welfare**
What are the main indices to measure development
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर विकास को मापने के लिए…
The main indices to measure development include
- Per Capita Income / Per Capita GDP: Measures average monetary income and availability of goods and services.
- Life Expectancy: Measures the average lifespan of a newborn child, reflecting healthcare quality.
- Literacy Rate (15+ age): Measures the percentage of educated population.
- Child Nutrition Levels: Evaluates percentage of under-5 children meeting age-appropriate height and weight.
Indias GDP is larger than Nepals yet it…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर भारत का सकल घरेलू उत्पाद…
India’s total GDP is larger due to its large economy and population, but it lags in human development indicators because
- High GDP is unevenly distributed, concealing income inequalities.
- Public investment in health, primary education, and sanitation per child has been historically insufficient compared to need.
- Child malnutrition levels remain high (48% height-for-age in India vs 49% in Nepal).
What are the factors other than per capita…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर दो या अधिक देशों की…
Factors other than per capita income include
- Health Indicators: Life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, and child nutrition levels.
- Education Indicators: Literacy rate, school enrollment ratio, and average years of schooling.
- Public Facilities & Freedom: Safe drinking water, clean environment, gender equality, personal freedom, and security.
Write an article on how India can be…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर भारत का विकास कैसे हो…
Heading: Path to India’s Comprehensive Development**
- True development goes beyond GDP growth to improve the overall quality of human life. To achieve comprehensive development, India must prioritize human capabilities. First, public expenditure on education and health must be expanded dramatically, following the Himachal Pradesh model of quality schooling. Second, child malnutrition must be tackled through strengthened Anganwadis and PDS systems. Third, environmental sustainability must be ensured so that mining and industrial projects do not displace traditional livelihoods without fair rehabilitation. Finally, reducing income inequality and guaranteeing public safety, gender equality, and clean drinking water for all will make India a truly developed nation.
Do you see any contradictions in the development…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आप अपने क्षेत्र में…
Yes, contradictions are visible in local development projects
- Example: Road-widening and industrial corridors facilitate fast transport and trade, but destroy roadside green trees, pollute local air, and submerge/acquire agricultural fields of small farmers. Similarly, urban garbage dumping in nearby rural villages creates severe health hazards for villagers while keeping cities clean.
In Table 173 we assume that the prices…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर तालिका 173 में हम मानते…
Table 17.3 assumes constant prices so that the increase in average monetary income reflects a real quantitative rise in purchasing capacity. If prices of goods and services rise (inflation) alongside money income, the actual purchasing power of people does not improve, and the apparent income growth becomes illusory.
Apart from the development indicators mentioned in this…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर इस अध्याय में उल्लिखित विकास…
Other important development indicators include
- Environmental Quality Index: Air and water quality levels, and forest coverage.
- Gender Empowerment Index: Ratio of female political and workplace participation.
- Social Security & Crime Rate: Safety of women, children, and low crime rates.
- Employment Security: Percentage of workforce with regular, formal employment contracts.
If we wish to list development indicators for…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर यदि हम आपके स्कूल के…
School development indicators besides exam results would include
- Infrastructure: Clean drinking water, separate functional toilets for boys and girls, and playground facilities.
- Learning Resources: Well-equipped science labs, library books, and computer facilities.
- Inclusivity & Health: Implementation of mid-day meal nutrition, scholarships, and zero dropout rate.
Discuss the following
Discuss the following
- A. Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births; a key indicator of healthcare adequacy.
- B. Money spent on illness: High out-of-pocket expenditure on illness shows poor public health infrastructure, forcing poor families into debt.
- C. Percentage of people who get clean drinking water: Reflects basic sanitation and protection against water-borne diseases.
- D. Those who are employed for less than 6 months in a year: Represents seasonal unemployment and casual labor vulnerability, leading to low annual consumption expenditure.
- A. : 1,000 ,
- B. : ,
- C. :
- D. 6 : – ,
Average income hides the inequality of income among…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर औसत आय लोगों के बीच…
Average income (Per Capita Income) is calculated by dividing total income by population. It hides income distribution because a very high income earned by a tiny minority inflates the average figure, giving a false impression that everyone is prosperous. For example, in Table 17.3, average income rose from Rs 4,000 to Rs 6,000, yet Persons A and D experienced zero income growth, proving that average income conceals inequality.
Different social groups have different expenditure levels What…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों के व्यय…
Different expenditure levels among social groups (as shown in Table 17.4 where casual labourers spend Rs 1,159 while regular wage earners spend Rs 2,002) indicate deep inequality in employment security and income distribution. It shows that marginalized social groups lack steady earnings and cannot afford nutritious food, quality education, or healthcare, thereby restricting their human development.
- English Activity Guide:
- Objective: Understand how child malnutrition and public health are monitored.
- Data Collection: Observe height-for-age and weight-for-age growth charts maintained at the Anganwadi.
- Facilities Recorded: Mid-day supplementary nutrition meals, immunization schedules, growth monitoring, and free health check-ups.