CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition
📚 Chapter Overview:
- Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
- Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – Political Science (राजनीति विज्ञान) (2026-27 Edition)
- Chapter 14: Democracy in Independent India and the Working of Political Institutions (स्वतंत्र भारत में लोकतंत्र और राजनीतिक संस्थाओं की कार्यप्रणाली)
- Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
Is it a good democratic practice for a…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या किसी गांव का किसी…
In a true democracy, every citizen possesses individual freedom of thought and the right to secret ballot. If a village casts all its votes for a single candidate voluntarily after consensus, it reflects strong community solidarity. However, if villagers cast votes en masse under pressure from village elders, local feudal lords, or caste leaders, it violates the democratic principle of individual free choice and freedom of conscience.
Have you observed events similar to those that…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपने अपने क्षेत्र के…
Yes, during recent elections, similar events can be observed such as huge voter enthusiasm, active campaigning using symbols, extensive door-to-door voter turnout drives, setting up dedicated polling booths in remote areas, and the use of special markings/symbols to assist voters.
What percentage of the vote did the nonCongress…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर प्रथम आम चुनाव में गैरकांग्रेस…
In the first general election, non-Congress parties and independent candidates together won 55 percent of the total votes cast (since the Congress party won 45 percent of the total votes).
What percentage of Lok Sabha members belonged to…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर लोकसभा के कितने प्रतिशत सदस्य…
Non-Congress parties and independents won 26 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha (since the Congress party won 74 percent of the Lok Sabha seats).
What do you think were the conditions that…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 1947 से 1967 तक भारतीय…
The primary conditions responsible for Congress dominance were
- Legacy of Freedom Struggle: The Congress was seen as the primary organizational vehicle that won India’s independence under revered national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Inclusive Platform (“Rainbow Coalition”): Congress accommodated diverse ideological streams, social classes, castes, and regional interests within its inner structure.
- Widespread Network: It had a deeply entrenched grass-roots organizational presence across urban and rural India, whereas opposition parties were fragmented and geographically limited.
What are your views on the importance of…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर लोकतंत्र में बहुदलीय व्यवस्था के…
A multi-party system is essential for a vibrant democracy because
- It prevents single-party authoritarianism and keeps the ruling government accountable.
- It provides structured political representation to diverse social, regional, linguistic, and minority groups.
- It offers voters genuine political choices and alternative policy visions.
At the time of gaining independence it was…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के समय यह…
The abolition of the zamindari system brought transformative social and economic changes
- Direct relationship was established between the state and peasant tillers, freeing millions from forced labor (begar) and arbitrary evictions.
- Millions of tenant farmers obtained legal ownership rights (pattas) over land, boosting agricultural motivation and rural self-respect.
- The socio-political dominance of feudal lords (zamindars, malguzars, gauntiyas) in rural areas was significantly broken, enabling lower and middle caste peasantry to participate actively in democratic politics.
If these four laws had not been passed…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर यदि ये चार कानून पारित…
If the Hindu Code laws had not been passed
- Women would have remained deprived of equal inheritance rights in ancestral property.
- Women would not have had legal recourse to seek divorce or escape abusive marriages.
- Polygamy by men would have continued legally, while women remained legally subordinate and economically dependent.
What role can intercaste marriages play in helping…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर जाति व्यवस्था को तोड़ने में…
Role**: Inter-caste marriages break the traditional endogamic boundaries of caste, erode notions of ritual purity and pollution, and foster kinship ties across different communities.
- Impact: Legalizing inter-caste marriage under the Hindu Code Bill provided legal protection to couples and weakened rigid traditional caste sanctions, contributing significantly to modern social mobility.
Do you think your brothers and sisters should…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपको लगता है कि…
Yes, brothers and sisters should receive equal shares in family property. Equal property rights ensure gender justice, economic independence for women, and uphold the constitutional guarantee of equality without discrimination based on gender.
Imagine a situation where linguistic states had not…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर एक ऐसी स्थिति की कल्पना…
If linguistic states had not been created, the map of India would have consisted of large, administrative colonial-era provinces (like Madras Presidency, Bombay State, CP & Berar) containing multiple conflicting linguistic groups. This would have led to persistent internal language agitations, administrative inefficiency, and severe separatist movements.
Doesnt the idea of linguistic states ignore adivasi…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या भाषाई राज्यों का विचार…
Yes, the initial creation of states strictly based on major scheduled regional languages often subordinated non-script adivasi languages (such as Gondi, Halbi, Kurukh, Santhali) within larger state boundaries. This resulted in long-standing demands for separate tribal states, eventually leading to the creation of states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand in 2000.
Many new states were created in India after…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 2000 के बाद भारत में…
New states formed after 2000 (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, and Telangana in 2014) were formed primarily on the basis of regional economic backwardness, distinct cultural/tribal identity, geographical topography, and administrative convenience, rather than language alone.
Do you think governments should act to bring…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपको लगता है कि…
Yes, in a welfare state, the government must actively intervene through progressive taxation, land reforms, public sector investments, and welfare schemes to reduce poverty and inequality. Politically, this empowers marginalized sections, deepens democratic participation, and shifts political debate from narrow feudal interests to socio-economic development policies.
Was the declaration of a state of emergency…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपातकाल की घोषणा उचित…
The declaration of Internal Emergency on June 25, 1975, was unjustified. While the ruling government argued that student protests and strikes created internal instability, the real motive was to circumvent the Allahabad High Court verdict that invalidated Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election and to suppress legitimate democratic opposition.
What impact did the declaration of emergency have…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपातकाल की घोषणा का लोगों…
Impact on Daily Life**: Fundamental rights were suspended, strict press censorship was imposed, citizens faced forced sterilization drives and slum demolitions without legal recourse.
- Impact on Opposition Parties: Thousands of opposition leaders, activists, and trade unionists were jailed without trial under preventive detention laws, forcing political organizations underground until elections were announced in 1977.
Do you think the only objective of the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपको लगता है कि…
No, replacing the Congress government was not the only objective. The fundamental reasons included deep-seated regional grievances
- Punjab Movement: Focused on state autonomy, water sharing rights (Bhakra Nangal), transferring Chandigarh to Punjab, and religious/cultural identity protection.
- Assam Movement: Driven by fears of economic exploitation of local oil/tea resources by outside companies and demographic imbalance caused by illegal Bangladeshi migration.
Why do you think that India witnessed a…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपको क्यों लगता है कि…
India witnessed decentralization because a centralized command structure could not effectively address the immense geographic, linguistic, cultural, and socio-economic diversity of India. Local self-governance was necessary to ensure equitable resource delivery, combat administrative corruption, and fulfill local aspirations.
Do you agree with Rajiv Gandhis statement that…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आप राजीव गांधी के…
Yes, the observation highlighted severe administrative leakages, bureaucratic corruption, and intermediary exploitation where funds meant for rural welfare were siphoned off before reaching targeted beneficiaries.
Do you think Panchayati Raj ushered in the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्या आपको लगता है कि…
Yes, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act empowered local Panchayats by transferring developmental planning, financial implementation, and mandatory reservation for women, SCs, and STs. Direct wage transfers and local Gram Sabha monitoring significantly improved scheme transparency and delivery to the poor.
In 1947 many political analysts felt that India…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 1947 में कई राजनीतिक विश्लेषकों…
History has completely disproved their pessimistic assessments. Despite high illiteracy, poverty, and vast diversity, Indian voters demonstrated mature democratic wisdom through smooth, peaceful electoral transitions of power across 17+ general elections, disproving critics who claimed democracy required wealthy and literate conditions.
In 1947 many political analysts felt that religion…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 1947 में कई राजनीतिक विश्लेषकों…
History has disproved their fears. India rejected religious nationalism and built a strong nation based on secularism, constitutional democracy, and unity in diversity. Pluralism and federal accommodation proved to be far stronger foundations for national unity than religion.
In 1976 many people felt that citizens rights…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 1976 में कई लोगों का…
Yes, subsequent experiences proved the hollowness of authoritarian claims. In the 1977 general elections, Indian voters overwhelmingly voted out the authoritarian regime, demonstrating that the people of India value civil liberties and democracy above dictatorial governance.
What do you think are the challenges facing…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपको क्या लगता है कि…
Key contemporary challenges include
- Influence of money power and criminalization in elections.
- Rise of communal polarization and identity-based vote bank politics.
- Economic inequality and jobless growth affecting youth.
- Weakening of independent constitutional oversight institutions.
- The first general elections in independent India were conducted in 1952 (or 1951-52).
- The Indian National Congress (Congress) party got an overwhelming majority in the Lok Sabha elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962.
- The zamindari system was abolished in 1949-56 and the tenants were given title deeds to their land.
- The Hindu Code Bill was first presented to the constituent assembly by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
- Potti Sreeramulu undertook a fast unto death to demand the creation of a state for the Telugu-speaking people.
- Hindi is the official language of India.
- The use of scientific techniques in agriculture to increase grain production is known as the Green revolution.
- The ending of special privileges, titles and allowances extended to royal families after independence is called the abolition of Privy Purses.
- A state of emergency was declared from 25 June 1975 to March 1977 on the basis of internal civil strife.
- The military operations to cleanse the Golden Temple of terrorists was called Operation Blue Star.
Choose the Right Option MCQs 1 Only 15…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर खर्च किए गए प्रत्येक रुपये…
- Made it compulsory for the states to implement Panchayati Raj.**
- Give a larger share of water from the Sardar Sarovar dam to Punjab.* (Note: Demand was for Bhakra Nangal water).*
- Deporting of foreign (Bangladeshi) nationals.**
- Maharashtra.**
- Non-alignment.**
- China.**
- Mixed economy.**
- Soviet Russia.**
- Provide a separate election symbol and ballot box for each candidate.**
- Fear of change in the Hindu religion and social system.**
Why did Dr Ambedkar resign from the cabinet…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर डॉ अम्बेडकर ने मंत्रिमंडल से…
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet as Law Minister because the Constituent Assembly deferred the passage of the Hindu Code Bill due to intense opposition from conservative Hindu leaders and traditional political groups, postponing it until after the first general elections.
What opportunities did the Hindu Code Bill provide…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर हिंदू कोड बिल ने पुरुषों…
The Hindu Code Bill provided significant legal guarantees for gender equality
- Granted daughters and wives equal inheritance rights in undivided ancestral property alongside sons.
- Made bigamy/polygamy illegal for men, enforcing monogamy equally.
- Granted equal legal rights to women to seek divorce under specific hardship conditions.
- Legalized inter-caste marriages and adoption of children across castes.
What were the fears that prevented the formulation…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर वे कौन से डर थे…
Fears**: Minority religious communities (especially Muslims following partition) feared that a Uniform Civil Code would encroach upon their religious freedom, personal laws, and cultural identity.
- Views of Ambedkar and Nehru: Both agreed that reform was necessary, but argued that a uniform code should not be imposed forcibly on minorities without their voluntary consent. They believed that passing personal law reform for Muslims right after partition would alienate them further.
Why was language the sole basis of reorganising…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर राज्यों के पुनर्गठन का एकमात्र…
Language became the primary basis for state reorganisation because
- Colonial provinces were administrative units cut across linguistic lines.
- Administrative efficiency required governance and schooling in the local mother tongue.
- Massive popular movements (e.g., Potti Sreeramulu’s martyrdom for Andhra) demonstrated that linguistic identity was the strongest emotional bond unifying regional populations.
What were the positive outcomes of forming states…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर भाषाई आधार पर राज्यों के…
Positive outcomes included
- Strengthened national integration by removing linguistic disaffection and separatist fears.
- Enhanced democratic participation as governance and courts functioned in regional languages.
- Accelerated regional economic and educational growth by tailoring policies to regional needs.
How did planned development strengthen the hands of…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर नियोजित विकास ने सरकार के…
Planned development through the Planning Commission enabled the central government to mobilize national savings, prioritize key infrastructure sectors (steel, dams, power), direct capital allocation, and establish public sector enterprises (PSUs), making the state the supreme manager of national economic growth.
What were the economic policies and objectives of…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर प्रथम दो पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं में…
First Five-Year Plan (1951-56)**: Focused on agricultural development, irrigation projects (Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud), and land reforms to achieve food self-sufficiency.
- Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61): Focused on rapid industrialization with emphasis on heavy industries (steel plants like Bhilai, capital goods, railways) based on the Mahalanobis model of a mixed economy.
What was the contribution of the first prime…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर संविधान निर्माण राज्य पुनर्गठन योजना…
Constitution**: Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution setting out the core vision of a sovereign, secular democratic republic.
- States Reorganisation: Appointed the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) in 1953 and accepted linguistic reorganisation to maintain unity.
- Planning Commission: Established the Planning Commission in 1950 and championed a mixed economy.
- Foreign Policy: Framed Non-Alignment (NAM) and Panchsheel to maintain independent diplomacy during the Cold War.
Which were the main foreign policy principles established…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा स्थापित मुख्य…
The main principles were
- Non-Alignment (NAM): Refusing to join US or Soviet military power blocs.
- Panchsheel Doctrine: Five principles including non-aggression, non-interference, mutual respect for sovereignty, equality, and peaceful co-existence.
- Anti-Colonialism & Global Peace: Supporting national liberation struggles in Asia and Africa.
What were the similarities and differences in the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर पंजाब और असम आंदोलनों में…
Similarities**: Both were powerful regional movements against central government dominance, cited economic/resource neglect, organized strikes and blockades, and culminated in formal accords signed by Rajiv Gandhi in 1985.
- Differences
- Core Issue: Punjab’s movement revolved around state autonomy, water rights, and religious identity, whereas Assam’s movement focused on deporting illegal Bangladeshi immigrants and protecting employment for locals.
- Militancy: Punjab suffered extreme militant secessionist violence (Khalistan demand), whereas Assam was primarily a student-led mass agitation (AASU).
Why did the constitution not give Hindi the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर संविधान ने हिंदी को राष्ट्रभाषा…
The Constitution did not make Hindi the national language because India is a deeply multi-lingual nation. Imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking southern and eastern states (such as Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) risked sparking linguistic secession, internal strife, and alienation among non-Hindi citizens. Therefore, Hindi was designated as the official language while English was retained for official use.
Why did the Congress split during the time…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर इंदिरा गांधी के समय कांग्रेस…
The Congress party split in 1969 due to intense ideological and power conflicts between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (supported by the socialist “Young Turks”) and traditional senior leaders (known as the “Syndicate”). The split crystallized during the Presidential election of 1969 when Indira Gandhi supported independent candidate V. V. Giri against official Congress candidate N. Sanjiva Reddy.
What was the emergency What were the undemocratic…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपातकाल क्या था 197577 की…
Emergency**: An extraordinary constitutional provision imposed from June 25, 1975 to March 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, suspending normal democratic governance and fundamental rights.
- Undemocratic Activities
- Imprisonment of thousands of opposition political leaders, activists, and journalists without trial under preventive detention laws (MISA).
- Strict press censorship prohibiting publication of news critical of the government.
- Forced sterilization drives and forced slum clearances.
- Constitutional amendments passed to abrogate judicial review and fundamental rights.
What were the steps taken during Rajiv Gandhis…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाओं को संबोधित करने…
During Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister, key steps included
- Rajiv-Longowal Accord (1985): Signed to restore peace in Punjab by agreeing to transfer Chandigarh to Punjab.
- Assam Accord (1985): Signed with AASU leaders to detect and deport post-1971 illegal immigrants.
- 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: Passed to introduce democratic decentralization through mandatory Panchayati Raj.
Project Work Project Question 1 Find out the…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर आपातकाल की अवधि के दौरान…
Emergency Amendments**: The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) severely curtailed fundamental rights, extended the Lok Sabha term from 5 to 6 years, and reduced judicial review powers of the Supreme Court.
- Revocation: The Janata Party government passed the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act (1978), which restored the 5-year term, made fundamental rights non-suspendable, restricted Emergency provisions exclusively to “armed rebellion”, and restored judicial oversight.
Project Question 2 Which were the coalition governments…
हिंदी माध्यम उत्तर 1990 और 2000 के बीच…
Coalition Governments (1990-2000)**: National Front (V. P. Singh / Chandra Shekhar), United Front (H. D. Deve Gowda / I. K. Gujral), and NDA (Atal Bihari Vajpayee).
- Contributions: Implementation of Mandal Commission reservations for OBCs, initiation of LPG economic reforms (1991), Pokhran-II nuclear tests (1998), and expansion of federal accommodation.
- Shortcomings: Frequent political instability, premature fall of governments, and policy paralysis due to partner pressures.