CG Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6 Solutions: Human Settlement (मानव अधिवास) (2026-27)

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CG Board (CGBSE / SCERT Chhattisgarh) Class 10 Social Science Solutions | 2026-27 Edition

📚 Chapter Overview:

  • Board: Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education (CGBSE) / CG SCERT Raipur
  • Subject & Section: Class 10 Social Science – Geography (भूगोल) (2026-27 Edition)
  • Chapter 6: Human Settlement (मानव अधिवास)
  • Medium: Bilingual Solutions (English Medium + हिंदी माध्यम)
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SECTION A

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS & CONCEPTS

Q1

Why is the main entrance of houses in…


📝 Question:

Why is the main entrance of houses in Britain constructed facing east or south-east, while in frigid/temperate zones it faces east?

💡 Solution:

Temperature, wind speed, rainfall, and humidity are the primary climatic factors affecting house design. In frigid and temperate zones, main entrances face east to capture the warmth of the morning sun. In Britain, houses face east or south-east specifically to protect dwellings from strong, cold westerly winds. In hot tropical countries, shades and thick walls are constructed to block the intense heat.

Question 1.2

Why are houses in Japan constructed using wood…


📝 Question:

Why are houses in Japan constructed using wood and light materials?

💡 Solution:

Houses in Japan are made of wood and light materials because Japan is frequently hit by destructive earthquakes. Lightweight wooden structures minimize loss of human life and property during seismic tremors and are easier to rebuild.

Question 1.3

How does rainfall influence roof construction and local…


📝 Question:

How does rainfall influence roof construction and local material usage?

💡 Solution:

In areas with low rainfall, houses are constructed with flat roofs. In regions with heavy rainfall, houses feature steep sloping roofs and overhangs on doors and windows to drain rainwater quickly. Locally available resources dictate construction: stones are used in hilly areas, bamboo and timber logs in forested regions, marble in Rajasthan, and tin sheets in heavy rainfall zones.

Q4

How do landforms and security considerations alter housing…


📝 Question:

How do landforms and security considerations alter housing structures?

💡 Solution:

On hilly slopes, houses are built at multiple terrace levels with taller front walls on lower slopes and shorter rear walls. In plains, all walls are uniform in height, while marshy areas require deep, firm foundations. For security and privacy, traditional communities like the Masai construct defensive cattle enclosures called Krals, whereas modern homes build underground rooms for storing valuables securely.

Q5

Classify the types of rural settlements found in…


📝 Question:

Classify the types of rural settlements found in India

💡 Solution:

Rural settlements in India are categorized into four types based on house spacing and distribution

  1. Compact Settlements: Houses are built closely adjacent to a central core (Gangetic plains, Odisha coast, Assam, Karnataka, Rajasthan).
  2. Semi-compact Settlements: Dense central village surrounded by hamlets (Manipur river valleys, Mandla, Balaghat, Raigarh district in Chhattisgarh).
  3. Hamlet-based Settlements: Fragmented into small units called palli, purva, mohalla, or ghani due to social and caste factors (West Bengal, Eastern UP, MP tribal areas).
  4. Dispersed / Solitary Settlements: Isolated clusters of 2 to 60 houses scattered over large areas (Chhota Nagpur plateau, Rajasthan, MP).

Question 3.2

Describe the five geometric models shapes of rural…


📝 Question:

Describe the five geometric models (shapes) of rural settlements

💡 Solution:

  1. Linear Model: Houses lined along major highways, railways, or riverbanks.
  2. Rectangular Model: Houses arranged around cultivated farm plots with rectangular connecting lanes (hilly regions of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh).
  3. Square Model: Formed around the intersection of rural pathways and road junctions within square village plots.
  4. Circular Model: Compact chain of houses surrounding a central pond or open space to form a ring (upper Yamuna, Malwa, Punjab, Gujarat).
  5. Radial Model: Streets branch outward in all directions from a central focal point like a temple, mosque, well, or market (Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu, Vindhyachal Temple in UP).

Q7

What were the objectives of the National Housing…


📝 Question:

What were the objectives of the National Housing Policy 1988 and Indira Awaas Yojna?

💡 Solution:

The National Housing Policy 1988 aimed to remove housing shortages and provide basic amenities to all citizens. Under this policy, the Indira Awaas Yojna was implemented by the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) under Zila Parishads to construct free homes for BPL families, families of deceased military/paramilitary personnel, with a mandatory 3% quota reserved for physically/mentally challenged persons.

Question 4.2

Detail the six stages of urban growth and…


📝 Question:

Detail the six stages of urban growth and the population classification of settlements

💡 Solution:

Stages of City Development:**

  1. Infancy: A few shops and rural appearance.
  2. Childhood: Central commercial hub and shop construction emerge.
  3. Adolescence: Planned roads, outer expansion of population.
  4. Maturity: Clear distinction between residential and industrial areas, multi-storey buildings.
  5. Middle Age: Peak stage of splendour; administrative, industrial, and commercial zones separate completely.
  6. Old Age: Clogged, congested decline (e.g., Samarkand, Constantinople, Bukhara).
  • Urban Classification by Population: Hamlet (50-100), Village (100-5000), Town (5000-10,000), City (>1 Lakh), Metropolis (10 Lakh – 50 Lakh), Megalopolis (>50 Lakh).

Q9

Explain the environmental housing and employment problems caused…


📝 Question:

Explain the environmental, housing, and employment problems caused by rapid urban migration in India

💡 Solution:

  1. Environmental Pollution: Industrial and vehicular emissions (SO2, CO, lead, nitrous oxide) pollute air; industrial toxic effluents make rivers like Yamuna near Delhi and Ganga at Kanpur unfit for human use; noise levels reach 70-80 decibels. Paved surfaces block rainwater recharge, causing water tables to fall.
  2. Housing & Slums: Unregulated migration creates unauthorized slum hutments lacking clean drinking water, sanitation, and paved roads.
  3. Employment Crisis: Urban population growth outpaces job creation, forcing migrants into low-wage, insecure jobs.

Question 5.2

What are the PURA scheme and Smart City…


📝 Question:

What are the PURA scheme and Smart City Concept?

💡 Solution:

PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas): Conceptualized by former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam on August 15, 2003, PURA aims to provide city-like amenities to rural villages through Gram Panchayats and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to check rural-to-urban migration. In Chhattisgarh, Baktara village** (Arang block, Raipur district) was adopted under PURA.

  • Smart City Mission: A National scheme to transform 100 selected cities into model urban centers equipped with modern infrastructure, rapid rescue/security systems, and efficient digital services to serve as “light houses” for other cities.

SECTION B

END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES

Q11

Choose the Correct Answer 1 The reason why…


📝 Question:

Choose the Correct Answer 1. The reason why houses are constructed with light materials in Japan is – (a) rain (b) earthquakes (c) wind (d) social convention

💡 Solution:

(b) earthquakes**

Q12

The model of a city along the roadside…


📝 Question:

The model of a city along the roadside is in the shape of a – (a) star model (b) serpentine model (c) linear model** (d) circular model

💡 Solution:

(c) linear model**

Q13

A settlement with a population of five to…


📝 Question:

A settlement with a population of five to ten lakh is called – (a) town (b) metropolis (c) city** (d) mega metropolis

💡 Solution:

(c) city* (Note: According to the textbook classification table on page 77, towns have 5000 to 10,000 population, cities have over 1 lakh, metropolises have 10 to 50 lakh, and megalopolises have over 50 lakh. Settlements in the 1 to 10 lakh range fall under the city category).*

Q14

London is situated on the banks of the…


📝 Question:

London is situated on the banks of the – (a) Tames river** (b) Hudson river (c) Michigan river (d) Moskva river

💡 Solution:

(a) Tames river**

Question

Why is a home necessary for human beings


📝 Question:

Why is a home necessary for human beings?

💡 Solution:

A home is a basic fundamental need for human beings because

  1. It provides protection against natural elements like extreme heat, cold, rain, wind, and wild animals.
  2. It offers personal security, privacy, solitude, and safe storage for food and belongings.
  3. It serves as a social center for family living, child rearing, and cultural practices.

Question 2

What is a Kral


📝 Question:

What is a Kral?

💡 Solution:

A Kral is a traditionally constructed, highly secure circular house or cattle enclosure built by the nomadic Masai pastoralist community of East Africa. It is made using thorns, mud, and wooden stakes specifically designed to protect their families and livestock from predatory wild animals.

Question 3

Write down the characteristics of houses in Rajasthan


📝 Question:

Write down the characteristics of houses in Rajasthan?

💡 Solution:

Characteristics of traditional houses in Rajasthan include

  1. Flat Roofs: Designed with flat rooftops due to low annual rainfall.
  2. Thick Walls: Constructed with thick mud or stone walls to prevent outdoor desert heat from entering the living areas.
  3. Pond-Centric Settlement: Houses are clustered tightly around water bodies like ponds or wells due to acute water scarcity.
  4. Use of Local Stone: Widespread usage of locally quarried stones and marble.

Question 4

In which scheme is the village Baktara included


📝 Question:

In which scheme is the village Baktara included?

💡 Solution:

Village Baktara (located near the International Cricket Stadium in Arang block, Raipur district of Chhattisgarh) is included under the PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) scheme.

Question 5

What is the reason that the main entrance…


📝 Question:

What is the reason that the main entrance of houses in Britain is kept facing east or south-east?

💡 Solution:

In Britain, the main entrance of houses is built facing east or south-east to shield the house from the direct impact of strong, freezing westerly winds blowing in that maritime region, while simultaneously receiving maximum sunlight.

Question 6

How do the various factors of climate influence…


📝 Question:

How do the various factors of climate influence the construction of houses?

💡 Solution:

Climatic factors directly govern house design and construction materials

  1. Temperature: Frigid/temperate regions keep east-facing doors for sunlight; tropical hot areas build thick walls, overhangs, and shades to repel sun heat.
  2. Rainfall: High rainfall zones construct steep sloping roofs and use tin sheets; arid zones build flat-roofed mud/stone houses.
  3. Wind Direction: Coastal or windy regions align house entrances away from dominant wind directions to avoid structural damage.
  4. Natural Disasters: Earthquake-prone zones (like Japan) construct lightweight wooden homes to minimize hazard risks.

Question 7

What all problems are being caused by urbanization…


📝 Question:

What all problems are being caused by urbanization? Explain by giving examples

💡 Solution:

Uncontrolled urbanization creates three major urban crises

  1. Environmental Degradation: Industrial and vehicular air pollution; severe river contamination (e.g., Yamuna functioning like a large sewage drain near Delhi, Ganga polluted by Kanpur leather tanneries); noise levels reaching 70-80 decibels. Paved ground stops rainwater seepage, lowering groundwater levels.
  2. Housing & Slums: Rural-urban migrants settle in congested, illegal slum hutments without clean drinking water, sanitation, or garbage disposal.
  3. Unemployment & Wage Exploitation: Rapid population growth outstrips city employment creation, causing labor exploitation, poverty, and social unrest.

Question 8

Compare the rural settlement with the urban settlement


📝 Question:

Compare the rural settlement with the urban settlement

💡 Solution:

| | (Rural Settlement) | (Urban Settlement) |

Question 9

Describe the different stages in the development of…


📝 Question:

Describe the different stages in the development of a city

💡 Solution:

The evolution of a city progresses through six distinct evolutionary stages

SECTION / EXERCISE

3. Project Work

Question

Project Question What types of ruralurban settlement models…


📝 Question:

Project Question: What types of rural/urban settlement models are found in your region? Make a list and give its reasons.

💡 Solution:

Answer & Project Survey Guide:

  1. Linear Settlement Model: Found along national/state highways and main railway lines in our district. Reason: Ease of commercial transport and access to buses/trains.
  2. Circular Settlement Model: Found in older rural interior villages surrounding a central community pond or temple. Reason: Community safety and access to the shared central water body.
  3. Radial Settlement Model: Observed near major district road junctions and pilgrimage locations (e.g., Dongargarh, Ratanpur, or Rajim). Reason: Roads converge toward the central religious/market hub.
  4. Compact Urban Grid: Present in the central market sectors of cities like Raipur, Durg, or Bilaspur. Reason: High commercial land values and dense business operations.
  5. (Linear Model): :
  6. (Circular Model): :
  7. (Radial Model): :
  8. (Compact Urban Grid): , :

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